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Human body ‘close to thermal limits’ due to extreme heatwaves caused by climate change, scientist says 由于氣候變化所導致的極端熱浪，人類的身體已‘接近耐熱極限’ Extreme global temperatures are pushing the human body “close to thermal limits”, according to a climate scientist. 根據氣候科學家介紹，全球極端的氣候條件已使人體“逼近耐熱極限”。 Record-breaking heat has swept through Europe this week with temperatures topping 40C in a number of countries. 本周，溫度創新高的熱浪席卷歐洲，數個國家的氣溫高達40攝氏度。 Record-breaking：空前的、破紀錄的 However, in places such as South Asia and the Persian Gulf, people are already enduring temperatures reaching up to 54C. 盡管如此，在南亞以及波斯灣等地方，人們已經在忍受高達54攝氏度的高溫。 Despite all the body's thermal efficiencies, these areas could soon be uninhabitable, according to Loughborough University climate scientist Dr Tom Matthews in The Conversation. 英國拉夫堡大學的氣候科學家Tom Matthews博士在《對話》（The Conversation）中表示，盡管人體存在熱效率，但這些地區可能馬上會變得不宜居住。 Uninhabitable：不宜居住的；無法居住的 When air temperature exceeds 35C, the body relies on sweating to keep core temperatures at a safe level. However, when the “wet bulb” temperature – which reflects the ability of moisture to evaporate – reaches 35C, this system no longer works. 當氣溫超過35攝氏度時，人體會依靠排汗將體內溫度保持在一個安全的范圍內。但是，當“濕球”溫度-一種反應濕度蒸發能力的溫度達到35攝氏度時，這一系統將不再發揮作用。 core temperature：核心溫度、內部溫度 wet bulb temperature：濕球溫度，“濕球溫度”是相對于“干球溫度”的概念，“干球溫度”很好理解，就是空氣中的真實溫度，用一個普通的溫度計就可以直接測出，我們每天聽到天氣預報中所說的氣溫就是指當日的“干球溫度”。而“濕球溫度”則是考慮了水的蒸發對溫度的影響，也就是說用水的蒸發對“干球溫度”進行降溫，因為水的蒸發是一個吸熱過程，通過水的蒸發能把空氣降到的最低溫度，就是“濕球溫度” “The wet bulb temperature includes the cooling effect of water evaporating from the thermometer, and so is normally much lower than the normal (“dry bulb”) temperature reported in weather forecasts,” Dr Matthews wrote. Matthews博士寫到：“濕球溫度意味著水從溫度計蒸發后的冷卻效果，因此通常要比天氣預報中所報道的正常（“干球”）溫度低得多。” “Once this wet bulb temperature threshold is crossed, the air is so full of water vapour that sweat no longer evaporates,” he said. This means the human body cannot cool itself enough to survive more than a few hours. “一旦濕球溫度超過閾值，空氣中將充滿水蒸氣，因此汗液將無法蒸發”，他表示。這意味著人體不能進行自我降溫，這種情況持續數個小時就會危及生命。 “Without the means to dissipate heat, our core temperature rises, irrespective of how much water we drink, how much shade we seek, or how much rest we take,” he explained. 博士解釋道：“當沒有消除熱量的途徑時，無論我們喝多少水，在樹蔭下呆多久或花多長時間休息，我們的體內溫度還是會上升。” Dissipate：消除、消散 Some areas – which are among the most densely populated on Earth – could pass this threshold by the end of the century, according to Dr Matthews. 根據Matthews博士的介紹，地球上某些人口最為稠密的地區，會在本世紀末超過這一閾值。 With climate change starting to profoundly alter weather systems, rising temperatures could soon make parts of the world uninhabitable. 隨著氣候變化開始深刻改變天氣系統，不斷升高的溫度可能很快就會使世界的部分地區不宜居住。 If electricity can be maintained, living in chronically heat-stressed conditions may be possible but a power outage could be catastrophic. 如果能保留電力，那么在長期炎熱的條件下居住可能可行，但是電力中斷則可能會是災難性的。 power outage：供電中斷 In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, Dr Matthews and his team looked at the probability of a “grey swan” event in the case of extreme heat coinciding with massive blackouts. 在一篇最近發表在《自然氣候變化》中的文章中，Matthews博士和他的團隊研究當大范圍停電和極端酷熱天氣同時發生的“灰天鵝”事件的可能性。 Mega blackouts sometimes follow powerful tropical cyclones. Researchers found that dangerously hot temperatures during a period with no electricity could have catastrophic consequences. 大規模停電有時會在強有力的熱帶風暴后出現。研究人員發現，在某個斷電時期出現危險高溫可能會帶來災難性的后果。 “We looked at tropical cyclones, which have already caused the biggest blackouts on Earth, with the months-long power failure in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria among the most serious,” Dr Matthews wrote. Matthews博士寫到：“我們研究了熱帶氣旋，它已經造成地球最大規模的停電，其中在最為嚴重的颶風Maria過后在波多黎各出現長達數月的斷電當屬最為嚴重之列。” tropical cyclone：熱帶氣旋 “We found that as the climate warms, it becomes ever more likely that these powerful cyclones would be followed by dangerous heat, and that such compound hazards would be expected every year if global warming reaches 4C. “我們發現，當氣候變暖時，這些強有力的熱帶氣旋則更有可能在危險的熱浪后出現，而如果全球升溫達到4攝氏度，這一雙重危害可能每年都會出現。” “During the emergency response to a tropical cyclone, keeping people cool would have to be as much a priority as providing clean drinking water.” “在緊急應對熱帶氣旋期間，讓人們保持涼爽應該和為人們提供清潔飲用水一樣成為當務之急。” Heat-stressed countries are likely to see the largest absolute increases in humid-heat and they are often the least well-prepared to deal with the hazard. This could drive mass migration, which would make heat a worldwide issue – even for countries that are not experiencing scorching temperatures. 高溫國家很可能會遇到最嚴重的濕熱絕對值增加，而這些國家應對這些危險也是最不充分的。這可能會導致大規模遷徙，并使高溫成為世界性的難題-即使是對于那些并未經歷高溫的國家也是如此。 Dr Matthews wrote: “The challenges ahead are stark. Adaptation has its limits. We must therefore maintain our global perspective on heat and pursue a global response, slashing greenhouse gas emissions to keep to the Paris warming limits. Matthews博士寫到：“未來的挑戰真實且無法回避。適應也有其局限性。因此，我們必須對高溫保持全球視角并采取全球性的應對，比如減少溫室氣體排放，遵守《巴黎協定》全球變暖上限。” Adaptation：適應 Slash：大幅度削減、大大降低 “In this way, we have the greatest chance of averting deadly heat – home and abroad.” “只有這樣，我們才可以在最大程度在國內以及國外避免致命的高溫。” 來源：獨立報 編輯：Susan