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Debaucherous evening last night? You're probably dealing with veisalgia right now. 昨天晚上大飲特飲了？那么，你現在很可能正在經歷宿醉。 veisalgia：宿醉 More commonly known as a hangover, this unpleasant phenomenon has been dogging humanity since our ancestors first happened upon fermentation. 宿醉，俗稱醒酒，是一種讓人不愉快的現象。這種現象自從我們的祖先在第一次經歷酒精發酵后就一直糾纏著人類。 Those nasty vertigo-inducing, cold sweat-promoting and vomit-producing sensations after a raucous night out are all part of your body's attempt to protect itself from injury after you overindulge in alcoholic beverages. 經過喧鬧的一夜后，這些令人討厭的眩暈感、出冷汗以及嘔吐感都是身體努力保護自己避免在縱情于酒精飲料后受傷害的一種表現。 Your liver is working to break down the alcohol you consumed so your kidneys can clear it out ASAP. But in the process, your body's inflammatory and metabolic reactions are going to lay you low with a hangover. 你的肝臟正在分解你所飲下的酒精，這樣你的腎臟就可以盡快將這些酒精排出。但在這一過程中，身體的炎癥和代謝反應將會讓你感到異常不適。 lay low: 把……打倒 As long as people have suffered from hangovers, they've searched in vain for a cure. Revelers have access to a variety of compounds, products and devices that purport to ease the pain. 只有經歷過宿醉的人們，才會發現任何尋找解決辦法的努力都是徒勞。縱情于酒精的人們會嘗試各種復合物、產品以及設備來緩解宿醉的痛苦。 But there's a lot of purporting and not a lot of proof. Most have not been backed up well by science in terms of usefulness for hangover treatment, and often their effects don't seem like they'd match up with what scientists know about the biology of the hangover. 雖然有許多嘗試，但是大部分卻沒有任何效果。絕大多數的嘗試在緩解宿醉的效果方面并未得到科學的證實。而嘗試的效果也似乎證明，它們與科學家所了解到的宿醉生物學并不匹配。 Working overtime to clear out the booze 身體機能超時運轉以清除酒精 Hangovers are virtually guaranteed when you drink too much. That amount varies from person to person based on genetic factors as well as whether there are other compounds that formed along with ethanol in the fermentation process. 飲酒過量幾乎肯定會引起宿醉。引起宿醉的具體飲酒量取決于人類的基因以及是否在發酵過程中除了乙醇外是否還存在其他復合物。 Over the course of a night of heavy drinking, your blood alcohol level continues to rise. Your body labors to break down the alcohol -- consumed as ethanol in beer, wine or spirits -- forming damaging oxygen free radicals and acetaldehyde, itself a harmful compound. The longer ethanol and acetaldehyde stick around, the more damage they can do to your cellular membranes, proteins and DNA, so your body's enzymes work quickly to metabolize acetaldehyde to a less toxic compound, acetate. 經過一晚的狂飲，你血液中的酒精濃度將繼續升高。身體開始努力分解酒精-即啤酒、葡萄酒或烈性酒中的乙醇（本身就屬于有害的復合物），以防止其形成具有破壞性的氧游離基和乙醛。乙醇和乙醛粘合在血液中的時間越長，它們對細胞膜、蛋白質和DNA所造成的破壞也就越大。因此，身體中的酶就會快速工作，以將乙醛分解為毒性稍小的復合物-醋酸酯。 oxygen free radical：氧游離基 acetaldehyde：乙醛 acetate：醋酸酯 Over time, your ethanol levels drop through this natural metabolic process. Depending on how much you consumed, you're likely to experience a hangover as the level of ethanol in your blood slowly returns to zero. Your body is withdrawing from high levels of circulating alcohol, while at the same time trying to protect itself from the effects of alcohol. 隨著時間的推移，身體內的乙醇濃度會隨著自然的代謝而下降。隨著血液中的乙醇濃度逐漸減少，直至消失，你很可能會經歷宿醉作用，這具體取決于你飲下多少酒。在體內循環的高濃度酒精會慢慢消失，同時，身體也會保護自己免受酒精的傷害。 Scientists have limited knowledge of the leading causes of the hangover. But they do know that the body's responses include changes in hormone levels to reduce dehydration and cellular stress. Alcohol consumption also affects a variety of neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including glutamate, dopamine and serotonin. Inflammation increases in the body's tissues, and the healthy gut bacteria in your digestive system take a hit too, promoting leaky gut. 科學家們對于造成宿醉的主要原因還不夠了解。但是，科學家們知道，飲酒后的身體反應包括荷爾蒙水平改變以緩解脫水和細胞應激。酒精的攝入還會影響大腦中的各種神經遞質，比如谷氨酸，多巴胺和5-羥色胺。身體細胞的炎癥反應會有所增加，消化系統內健康的腸道細菌也會遭受打擊，并導致漏腸癥。 Neurotransmitter：神經遞質 cellular stress：細胞應激 glutamate：谷氨酸 dopamine：多巴胺 serotonin：5-羥色胺 Altogether, the combination of all these reactions and protective mechanisms activated by your system gives rise to the experience of a hangover, which can last up to 48 hours. 總而言之，所有這些由身體觸發的反應和保護機制相結合就會導致宿醉。宿醉最長可以持續48小時。 Your misery likely has company 你可能并不是一個人在受罪 Drinking and socializing are cultural acts, and most hangovers do not happen in isolation. Human beings are social creatures, and there's a high likelihood that at least one other individual feels the same as you the morning after the night before. 飲酒和社交都屬于文化行為，絕大多數宿醉都不是在獨自一人時發生的。人類屬于社會性動物，那么很有可能至少有一人在經過一晚狂飲后，會在第二天早上出現和你一樣的不適感。 Each society has different rules regarding alcohol use, which can affect how people view alcohol consumption within those cultures. Drinking is often valued for its relaxing effect and for promoting sociability. So it's common to see alcohol provided at celebratory events, social gatherings and holiday parties. 關于酒精攝入，每種社會都有不同的規則。不同文化中的這些規則會對人們如何看待酒精攝入產生不同的影響。飲酒經常因其具有放松和社交促進功能而備受人們重視。因此，在慶祝活動、社交聚會以及假日聚會上看到酒水供應則是一件稀松平常的事。 In the United States, drinking alcohol is largely embraced by mainstream culture, which may even promote behaviors involving excessive drinking. It should be no surprise that overindulgence goes hand in hand with these celebratory social events -- and leads to hangover regrets a few hours later. 在美國，飲酒在很大程度上被主流文化所接受。而這種主流文化甚至會鼓勵包括過量飲酒在內的行為。因此，在慶祝性的社交活動中看到人們縱情飲酒并在隨后的幾個小時后出現因為出現宿醉而感到懊悔則并非一件稀奇的事情。 Your body's reactions to high alcohol intake and the sobering-up period can influence mood, too. The combination of fatigue that you experience from sleep deprivation and hormonal stress reactions, in turn, affect your neurobiological responses and behavior. As your body is attempting to repair itself, you're more likely to be easily irritated, exhausted and want nothing more than to be left alone. Of course, your work productivity takes a dramatic hit the day after an evening of heavy drinking. 身體對大量酒精攝入以及醒酒期的反應還會影響心情。由于徹夜不眠所導致的疲憊以及荷爾蒙應激反應，反過來會影響神經生物反應和行為。由于身體正在試圖修復自己，你更有可能變得煩躁，疲憊以及孤僻。當然，在經過一夜的豪飲后，你的工作效率也會受到非常嚴重的影響。、 sobering-up period ：醒酒期 When all is said and done, you're the cause of your own hangover pain, and you're the one who must pay for all the fun of the night before. But in short order, you'll forget how excruciating your last hangover was. And you may very soon talk yourself into doing the things you swore you'd never do again. 說到底，造成宿醉痛苦的人正是你自己。而需要為前一晚縱情狂歡而付出代價的人同樣是你。但很快，你就會將上一次宿醉所帶來的痛苦拋在九霄云外。你可能很快就會說服自己做一些你發誓要戒掉的事。 Speeding up recovery 加快恢復 While pharmacologists like us understand a bit about how hangovers work, we still lack a true remedy. 盡管像我們這樣的藥理學家對宿醉的工作原理有淺顯的了解，但是我們仍然不知道如何徹底治療宿醉。 Countless articles describe a variety of foods, caffeine, ion replenishment, energy drinks, herbal supplements including thyme and ginger, vitamins and the "hair of the dog" as ways to prevent and treat hangovers. But the evidence isn't really there that any of these work effectively. They're just not scientifically validated or well reproduced. 有無數文章提供了防止和治療宿醉的辦法，比如各種食物、咖啡因、離子補充、能量飲料、草本補充劑，包括百里香和姜、維他命以及“以毒攻毒”的藥，但是并沒有證據表明，這些物品能夠奏效。這些物品并未得到科學驗證或仿效。 Hair of the dog:以毒攻毒的藥 For example, Kudzu root (Pueraria lobata), a popular choice for hangover remedies, has primarily been investigated for its effects in reducing alcohol-mediated stress and hangover. But at the same time, Kudzu root appears to inhibit the enzymes that break down acetaldehyde -- not good news since you want to clear that acetaldehyde from your system quickly. 比如說，葛根（Pueraria lobata），一種流行的解酒藥，因其能夠減少酒精所造成的應激和宿醉功效而受到重點研究。但與此同時，葛根似乎會阻礙分解乙醛的酶。這并非一則好消息，因為我們希望能夠快速將身體系統內的乙醛清除掉。 To fill this knowledge gap, our lab is working with colleagues to see if we can find scientific evidence for or against potential hangover remedies. We've focused on the benefits of dihydromyricetin, a Chinese herbal medicine that is currently available and formulated as a dietary supplement for hangover reduction or prevention. 為了填補這項知識空白，我們的實驗室與同事展開合作，以了解我們是否能夠針對潛在的宿醉治療找到科學支持或反對的證據。我們將注意力放在雙氫楊梅樹皮素，一種中藥上。其目前被制作成飲食添加劑以用于緩解或預防宿醉。 Dihydromyricetin appears to work its magic by enhancing alcohol metabolism and reducing its toxic byproduct, acetaldehyde. From our findings in mice models, we are collecting data that support the usefulness of dihydromyricetin in increasing the expression and activity of enzymes responsible for ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in the liver, where ethanol is primarily broken down. These findings explain one of the several ways dihydromyricetin protects the body against alcohol stress and hangover symptoms. 雙氫楊梅樹皮素似乎在促進酒精代謝以及減少毒性副產品-乙醛方面具有神奇的作用。通過老鼠模型中的實驗結果，我們收集到證明雙氫楊梅樹皮素能夠增加肝臟內酶的表現度和活性的數據。酶可以代謝掉乙醇和乙醛，而肝臟是絕大多數乙醇被分解的地方。這些研究結果證明雙氫楊梅樹皮素保護身體免受酒精應激和宿醉癥狀的數種方式之一。 We are also studying how this enhancement of alcohol metabolism results in changes in alcohol drinking behaviors. Previously, dihydromyricetin was found to counteract the relaxation affect of drinking alcohol by interfering with particular neuroreceptors in the brain; rodents didn't become as intoxicated and consequently reduced their ethanol intake. Through this combination of mechanisms, we hope to illustrate how DHM might reduce the downsides of excessive drinking beyond the temporary hangover, and potentially reduce drinking behavior and damage associated with heavy alcohol consumption. 我們也在研究改善酒精代謝將如何使飲酒行為發生變化。在這之前，我們發現雙氫楊梅樹皮素能夠通過干擾大腦中特定的神經受體來抵消飲酒所帶來的奉送效果。嚙齒動物并未喝醉，從而它們的乙醇攝入量也有所減少。通過這一機制的結合，我們希望說明DHM如何減少過量飲酒所造成的不良后果并潛在減少飲酒行為以及與過量飲酒所有關的損害。 Of course, limiting alcohol intake and substituting water for many of those drinks during an evening out is probably the best method to avoid a painful hangover. However, for those times when one alcoholic beverage leads to more than a few more, be sure to stay hydrated and catch up on rest. Your best bet for a smoother recovery is probably some combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug like ibuprofen, Netflix and a little downtime. 當然，在晚上聚會時，限制酒精攝入以及用水來替代許多含酒精飲料可能是避免宿醉最好的辦法。然而，在這種情景下，一杯酒精飲料會導致更多杯。在這種情況下，因保持補水并休息。讓醒酒變得順利一些的最好辦法可能是非甾類消炎藥，比如布洛芬、Netflix和適量的休息。 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug：非甾類消炎藥 Daryl Davies is a professor of Cliical Pharmacy, Joshua Silva a Ph.D. Candidate in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, and Terry David Church Assistant Professor of Regulatory and Quality Sciences at the University of Southern California. Daryl Davies是臨床藥劑學教授，Joshua Silva 為臨床和實驗治療學博士候選人，Terry David Church，南加州大學監管和質量科學助教。 Copyright 2019 The Conversation. Some rights reserved.