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Bat 'super immunity' may explain how bats carry coronaviruses, study finds

研究發現，蝙蝠的‘超級免疫力’也許能幫助我們了解蝙蝠是如何攜帶冠狀病毒的

上海譯銳翻譯  2020-5-12   13:29 p.m.

A University of Saskatchewan (USask) research team has uncovered how bats can carry the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus without getting sick -- research that could shed light on how coronaviruses make the jump to humans and other animals.

薩斯喀徹溫大學的研究團隊發現了蝙蝠是如何在不生病的情況下攜帶中東呼吸綜合癥（MERS）冠狀病毒的。該研究也許可以讓我們了解冠狀病毒是如何感染人類及其他動物的。

Coronaviruses such as MERS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and more recently the COVID19-causing SARS-CoV-2 virus, are thought to have originated in bats. While these viruses can cause serious and often fatal disease in people, for reasons not previously well understood, bats seem unharmed.

諸如中東呼吸綜合癥、嚴重急性呼吸道綜合癥以及最近引起SARS CoV2 病毒的COVID19等冠狀病毒被認為來自于蝙蝠。這些病毒能夠在人體中引起嚴重并往往是致命的疾病，但是由于一些此前未知的原因，蝙蝠在這些病毒面前似乎毫發無損。

"The bats don't get rid of the virus and yet don't get sick. We wanted to understand why the MERS virus doesn't shut down the bat immune responses as it does in humans," said USask microbiologist Vikram Misra.

“蝙蝠并沒有消除這些病毒，但是同時也沒有生病。我們希望弄清楚為什么MERS病毒不會像關閉人類的免疫應答一樣關閉蝙蝠的免疫應答”，薩斯喀徹溫大學的微生物學家Vikram Misra表示。

immune response：免疫應答（機體對抗原的應答）

In research just published in Scientific Reports, the team has demonstrated for the first time that cells from an insect-eating brown bat can be persistently infected with MERS coronavirus for months, due to important adaptations from both the bat and the virus working together.

"Instead of killing bat cells as the virus does with human cells, the MERS coronavirus enters a long-term relationship with the host, maintained by the bat's unique 'super' immune system," said Misra, corresponding author on the paper. "SARS-CoV-2 is thought to operate in the same way."

在剛剛發表于《科學報告》的研究中，研究團隊首次展示了由于蝙蝠和病毒共同作用并發生了一些重要的轉變，以昆蟲為食的棕色蝙蝠體內的細胞可以在數月內持續受到MERS冠狀病毒的感染。“病毒并沒有像殺死人類體內的細胞那樣消滅蝙蝠體內的細胞，MERS冠狀病毒與宿主達成了一項長期的關系，這種關系由蝙蝠獨特的‘超級’免疫系統所維持”，論文的通信作者Misra表示。“SARS CoV2被認為以同樣的方式發揮作用。”

host:宿主

Misra says the team's work suggests that stresses on bats -- such as wet markets, other diseases, and possibly habitat loss -- may have a role in coronavirus spilling over to other species.

Misra表示，團隊的研究顯示，蝙蝠所面對的一些應激，比如農貿市場、其他疾病以及可能存在的棲息地的消失都可能在冠狀病毒蔓延向其他物種中發揮作用。

"When a bat experiences stress to their immune system, it disrupts this immune system-virus balance and allows the virus to multiply," he said.

“當某只蝙蝠的免疫系統遭遇應激時，它會阻斷免疫系統和病毒之間的平衡并導致病毒繁殖”，他表示。

The research was carried out at USask's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization -- International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), one of the world's largest containment level 3 research facilities, by a team of researchers from USask's Western College of Veterinary Medicine and VIDO-InterVac.

研究在薩斯喀徹溫大學疫苗和感染疾病組織國際疫苗中心展開。該中心是全球最大的3級防護研究機構之一。研究由薩斯喀徹溫大學西方獸醫學院和VIDO InterVac的研究團隊展開。

"We see that the MERS coronavirus can very quickly adapt itself to a particular niche, and although we do not completely understand what is going on, this demonstrates how coronaviruses are able to jump from species to species so effortlessly," said VIDO-InterVac scientist Darryl Falzarano, who co-led the bat study, developed the first potential treatment for MERS-CoV, and is leading VIDO-InterVac's efforts to develop a vaccine against COVID-19.

“我們看到MERS冠狀病毒能夠非常迅速地適應特定的環境。雖然我們還沒有徹底明白這其中到底發生了什么，但是我們可以看到冠狀病毒是如何能夠毫不費力地從某些物種擴散到另一些物種”，VIDO InterVac科學家Darryl Falzarano表示。Darryl Falzarano是蝙蝠研究項目的帶頭人之一，其推出首個針對MERS CoVD的潛在治療方案并帶領VIDO InterVac研究團隊共同研發COVID19的疫苗。

So far, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 3.5 million people worldwide and killed seven per cent of those infected. In contrast, the MERS virus infected nearly 2,500 people in 2012 but killed one in every three people infected. There is no vaccine for either SARS-CoV-2 or MERS. While camels are the known intermediate hosts of MERS-CoV, bats are suspected to be the ancestral host.

迄今為止，SARS CoV2病毒已經感染了全球超過3500萬人次并且感染人群中的死亡率為7%。相比之下，MERS病毒在2012年所感染的人數接近2500人次，并且每三例感染中就有一例死亡。無論是SARS CoV2，還是MERS，都沒有對應的疫苗。駱駝是MERS CoV已知的中間宿主，而蝙蝠則是疑似初宿主。

intermediate host:中間宿主

ancestral host：初宿主

Coronaviruses rapidly adapt to the species they infect, Misra said, but little is known on the molecular interactions of these viruses with their natural bat hosts. A 2017 USask-led study showed that bat coronaviruses can persist in their natural bat host for at least four months of hibernation.

冠狀病毒會迅速適應其所感染的物種。Misra表示，目前對于這些病毒與天然蝙蝠宿主之間的分子作用還知之甚少。2017年，一項由薩斯喀徹溫大學領銜的研究表明，蝙蝠冠狀病毒至少能夠在其天然的蝙蝠宿主中蟄伏4個月。

hiberanation：蟄伏

When exposed to the MERS virus, bat cells adapt -- not by producing inflammation-causing proteins that are hallmarks of getting sick, but rather by maintaining a natural antiviral response, a function which shuts down in other species, including humans. Simultaneously, the MERS virus also adapts to the bat host cells by very rapidly mutating one specific gene, he said.

當暴露于MERS病毒時，蝙蝠的細胞不會產生引起炎癥的蛋白質（同時也是生病的標志），相反，蝙蝠會保持一種天然的抗病毒響應，一種在其他物種，包括人類都無法激活的功能。同時，MERS病毒還會通過迅速改變某個特定基因的方式來適應蝙蝠宿主的細胞。

Operating together, these adaptations result in the virus remaining long-term in the bat but being rendered harmless until something -- such as disease or other stressors -- upsets this delicate equilibrium.

通過共同作用，這些調整導致病毒長期存在于蝙蝠體內，但是同時不會對蝙蝠造成傷害，直至某些情況，比如疾病或其他應激因素破壞了這一微妙的平衡關系。

Next, the team will turn its focus to understanding how the bat-borne MERS virus adapts to infection and replication in camelid (a group of even-toed ungulates that includes camels) and human cells.

接下來，團隊將把研究重點放在了解攜帶MERS的蝙蝠如何適應感染以及駱駝科和人類細胞的繁殖。

"This information may be critical for predicting the next bat virus that will cause a pandemic," said Misra.

該信息可能對于預測下一個引起傳染病的病毒至關重要，Misra表示。

文章來源：科學日報   翻譯及編輯：上海譯銳翻譯質控部