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Early-onset colorectal cancer incidence among the young, defined as those under age 50, has been rising globally since the early 1990s. Rates for colon and rectal cancers are expected to increase by 90 percent and 124 percent, respectively, by 2030.

從20世紀90年代初開始，早發型大腸癌在年輕人（指50歲以下的人群）中的比率在世界各地都有所增加。到2030年，結腸癌和直腸癌的發生率預計會增加90%和124%。

Early-onset：早發型

One suspected reason behind this trend is increased global consumption of a Westernized diet that consists heavily of red and processed meats, added sugar, and refined grains. Sixty percent of the Standard American Diet, also known as "SAD," is made up of ultra-processed food such as industrial baked sweets, soft drinks, and processed meat. SAD is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

導致這一上升趨勢的一個疑似原因是全球對西式飲食的攝入不斷增加。西式飲食包括大量紅肉和加工肉類、添加糖以及精制谷物。60%的美國標準飲食，也成為SAD，由過度加工的食品，比如工業烘焙的甜品、軟飲料和加工肉類組成。SAD與大腸癌風險增加有關。

One aspect of ultra-processed foods I'm concerned about is how colorful they are. This characteristic is on full display in many delicious foods and treats present during the year-end holidays.

我對過度加工食物比較擔心的一點是它們的顏色非常多樣。這一特點在許多美味的食物和年末節日中的零食中有充分展現。

However, many of the colors that make up candy canes, sugar cookies, and even cranberry sauce and roast ham, are synthetic. And there's some evidence that these artificial food dyes may trigger cancer-causing processes in the body.

然而，拐杖糖、糖餅干，甚至是蔓越莓醬和烤火腿的許多顏色也是人造的。有一些證據證明，這些人工食用色素也許會觸發身體產生致癌反應。

As the director of the Center for Colon Cancer Research at the University of South Carolina, I have been studying the effects of these synthetic food dyes on colorectal cancer development.

作為南卡羅萊納大學結腸癌研究中心的主任，我一直都在研究這些人工食用色素對大腸癌病程發展的作用。

While research on the potential cancer risk of synthetic food dyes is only just starting, I believe that you may want to think twice before you reach for that colorful treat this holiday season.

盡管關于人工食用色素潛在致癌風險的研究才剛剛開始，我相信在這個節日期間，在拿起色彩鮮艷的零食之前，你可能會三思而后行。

What are synthetic food dyes?

什么是人工食用色素？

The food industry uses synthetic dyes because they make food look better. The first food dyes were created from coal tar in the late 1800s. Today, they are often synthesized from a chemical derived from petroleum called naphthalene to make a final product called an azo dye.

食用行業食用人工食用色素的原因是它們會讓食物看上去更誘人。第一批食用色素來自于19世紀的煤焦油。如今，這些色素通常從一種化學物質中合成。這種化學物質提取自被稱為萘的石油。從化學物質中合成后，色素就會成為被稱為偶氮染料的成品。

coal tar：煤焦油

azo dye：偶氮染料

Food manufacturers prefer synthetic dyes over natural dyes like beet extract because they are cheaper, brighter, and last longer. While manufacturers have developed hundreds of synthetic food dyes over the past century, the majority of them are toxic. Only nine are approved for use in food under U.S. Food and Drug Administration policy, and even fewer pass European Unionregulations.

相較天然色素，比如甜菜提取物，食品制造商更青睞人工色素，這是因為人工色素價格更低、色彩更鮮亮以及更加持久。盡管食品制造商在過去的1個世紀中開發出數百種人工食用色素，但是絕大多數色素都是有毒的。僅有9種食用人工色素獲得了美國FDA的使用許可，而通過歐盟法規的則更是少上加少。

What drives colorectal cancer?

是什么導致了大腸癌？

DNA damage is the primary driver of colorectal cancer. When DNA damage occurs on cancer driver genes, it can result in a mutation that tells the cell to divide uncontrollably and turn cancerous.

DNA受損是大腸癌的主要原因。當癌癥誘發基因中的DNA受損后，其會導致突變并會命令細胞出現不受控制的分離并具有癌癥特性。

Another driver of colorectal cancer is inflammation. Inflammation occurs when the immune system sends out inflammatory cells to begin healing an injury or capture disease-causing pathogens.

When this inflammation persists over time, it can harm otherwise healthy cells by releasing molecules called free radicals that can damage DNA.

另一個導致大腸癌的因素是炎癥。當免疫系統送出炎癥細胞并開始治愈傷口或捕獲致病病原體時，就會出現炎癥。當炎癥持續不退時，其會通過釋放一種被稱為自由基的分子（會傷害DNA）而傷害到其他健康的細胞。

Another type of molecule called cytokines can prolong inflammation and drive increased cell division and cancer development in the gut when there isn't an injury to heal.

Long-term poor dietary habits can lead to a simmering low-grade inflammation that doesn't produce noticeable symptoms, even while inflammatory molecules continue to damage otherwise healthy cells.

另一種被稱為細胞激素的分子會在腸道沒有任何傷口的情況下延緩炎癥，促使更多細胞分裂并導致癌細胞生長。

長期不良飲食習慣會導致慢性低度炎癥，這種炎癥不會產生明顯癥狀，甚至是在炎癥分子繼續破壞其他健康細胞時亦如此。

Synthetic food dyes and cancer

人工食用色素和癌癥

Although none of the FDA-approved synthetic food colors are classified as carcinogens, currently available research points to potential health risks I and others find concerning.

盡管FDA 所批準的人工食用色素都沒有被列為致癌物，但是目前現有的研究則證明了我和其他人所關注的，食用色素所具有的潛在健康危害。

For example, the bacteria in your gut can break down synthetic dyes into molecules that are known to cause cancer. More research is needed on how the microbiome interacts with synthetic food coloring and potential cancer risk.

比如，腸道內的細菌可以將人工色素分解為可以引起癌癥的分子。關于微生物如何與人工食用色素相互作用以及潛在的癌癥風險則需要更多的研究。

Studies have shown that artificial food dyes can bind to the DNA and proteins inside cells. There is also some evidence that synthetic dyes can stimulate the body's inflammatory machinery. Both of these mechanisms may pose a problem for colon and rectal health.

研究表明，人工食用色素可以粘附在DNA和細胞內的蛋白質上。也有一些證據表明，人工色素可以刺激身體的炎癥機制。兩種機制都會對直腸和結腸的健康造成影響。

Synthetic food dyes have been found to damage DNA in rodents. This is supported by unpublished data from my research team showing that Allura Red, or Red 40, and Tartrazine, or Yellow 5, can cause DNA damage in colon cancer cells with increased dosages and length of exposure in vitro in a controlled lab environment.

人工食用色素可以破壞結腸中的DNA。這一結論有來自我的研究團隊的數據支持。這些尚未發表的數據表明，在對照實驗環境下，體外劑量和暴露時間增加時，誘惑紅或Red40和檸檬黃或Yellow5會引起直腸癌細胞中的DNA受損。

Allura Red：誘惑紅

Tartrazine：檸檬黃

Our results will need to be replicated in animal and human models before we can say that these dyes directly caused DNA damage, however.

然而，在得出這些色素會直接引起DNA受損這一結論前，我們的結果還需要在動物和人體模型中平行測定。

Finally, artificial food coloring may be of particular concern for children. It's known that children are more vulnerable to environmental toxins because their bodies are still developing. I and others believe that this concern may extend to synthetic food dyes, especially considering their prevalence in children's food.

最后，人工食用色素可能會特別影響到兒童。眾所周知，由于兒童的身體尚在發育階段，所以他們更容易受到環境毒素的傷害。我和他人都認為，這一擔憂可能會涉及到人工食用色素，特別是考慮到其在兒童食品中的普遍性。

A 2016 study found that over 40 percent of food products marketed toward children in one major supermarket in North Carolina contained artificial food coloring. More research needs to be done to examine how repeated exposure to artificial food dyes may affect children.

2016的一項研究發現，北卡羅萊州的一家大型超市面向兒童所銷售的超過40%的食品都含有人工食用色素。關于重復攝入多少人工食用色素也許會對兒童造成影響，還需要有更多的研究。

Lowering your risk of colorectal cancer

減少直腸結腸癌的風險

A few treats during the holidays won't cause colorectal cancer. But a long-term diet of processed foods might. While more research is needed on the link between synthetic food dyes and cancer, there are evidence-based steps you can take now to reduce your risk of colorectal cancer.

節日期間攝入為數不多的零食不會引起直腸結腸癌。但是，長期食用加工食品則可能會導致結腸直腸癌。盡管在人工食用色素和癌癥之間的聯系還需要更多的研究，目前你可以采取一些經過考證的舉措來減少自身的結腸直腸癌風險。

One way is to get screened for colon cancer. Another is to increase your physical activity. Finally, you can eat a healthy diet with more whole grains and produce and less alcohol and red and processed meat. Though this means eating fewer of the colorful, ultra-processed foods that may be plentiful during the holidays, your gut will thank you in the long run.

一個方法就是進行直腸癌篩查。另一個就是加強鍛煉。最后，健康飲食，更多攝入全谷物和農產品，少飲酒并且控制紅肉和加工肉類的攝入。盡管這意味著我們要少吃色彩鮮艷且過度加工的食品（假日期間會非常豐盛），但是從長遠來看，你的腸道會感謝你所作出的決定。

來源：ScienceAlert

編輯&翻譯：Sarah