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Women are significantly more likely than men to experience long-term symptoms of COVID-19, a new review suggests. 一項新的評估發現，女性患上慢性新冠肺炎的概率要比男性大得多。 Researchers from Johnson & Johnson's Office of the Chief Medical Officer for Women's Health analyzed data from studies involving 1.3 million patients. 女性健康Johnson & Johnson首席醫學官員辦公室的研究人員們分析了涉及130萬患者的研究數據。 The results, published Tuesday in the journal Current Medical Research and Opinion, showed females are 22% more likely to develop long COVID than males. 研究結果于周二發表在《當代醫學研究與見解》期刊上。研究表明，女性患慢性新冠肺炎的可能性要比男性高出22%。 "Knowledge about fundamental sex differences … of COVID-19 is crucial for the identification … of effective therapies and public health interventions that are inclusive of and sensitive to the potential differential treatment needs of both sexes," the authors said in a news release. 作者在新聞發布中表示：“了解新冠肺炎根本的性別差異對于發現有效的治療方法以及公眾健康干預非常重要。治療方法和公眾健康干預包括男女兩性潛在的差異化治療需求。” Long COVID occurs when patients who have cleared the infection still have symptoms lasting more than four weeks after recovering. In some cases, these symptoms can persist for months, or even years. 慢性新冠肺炎是指患者在清除感染并在恢復后仍然具有癥狀且癥狀達4周以上。在有些情況下，這些癥狀可以持續數月，甚至數年。 Patients can experience a variety of lingering symptoms including fatigue, difficulty breathing, headaches, brain fog, joint and muscle pain, and continued loss of taste and smell, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 根據美國疾病控制預防中心的介紹，患者會經歷各種遷延不愈的癥狀，比如疲憊、呼吸困難、頭痛、腦霧、關節和肌肉疼痛、持續喪失味覺和嗅覺。 It's unclear what causes people to develop long COVID but there are several theories among experts including lingering virus in the body, damage to nerve pathways caused by the virus and the immune system remaining active following infection. 導致人們患上慢性新冠肺炎的原因目前尚不明朗，但是專家們對此提出數種理論，其中包括病毒持續在體內存在、病毒導致神經通路被破壞以及感染之后免疫系統仍然處于激活狀態。 The study found the most common symptoms for women within four weeks of testing positive included ear, nose and throat (ENT) issues; muscle aches and pain; shortness of breath and psychiatric or mood disorders such as depression. 研究發現，女性在新冠檢測陽性四周內最常出現的癥狀包括耳鼻喉科問題、肌肉酸痛、氣短以及精神或心境障礙，比如抑郁。 Meanwhile, men were more likely to have renal disorders such as acute kidney injury. 與此同時，男性更容易出現腎臟方面的疾病，比如急性腎損傷。 Not only were symptoms during COVID-19 infection different among males and females but the symptoms were also different after the development of long COVID. 男性和女性不僅在感染新冠肺炎期間癥狀有所不同，在出現慢性新冠肺炎癥狀后，男女之間的癥狀表現也有所不同。 For women, they had higher rates of long-term symptoms including fatigue; ENT; gastrointestinal; neurological; skin and psychiatric and/or mood disorders. 對女性而言，出現比例比較高的慢性癥狀包括疲憊、耳鼻喉科癥狀、胃腸問題、神經問題、皮膚和精神和/或心境問題。 Women were at least twice as likely to have ENT long-term symptoms and 60% more likely to have gastrointestinal symptoms. 女性出現耳鼻喉科慢性癥狀的可能性至少是男性的2倍，出現胃腸癥狀的可能性比男性高60%。 On the other hand, men had higher rates of renal disorders as well as endocrine disorders, including diabetes. 另一方面，男性出現腎臟問題以及內分泌紊亂，包括糖尿病的概率則更高。 Several studies in the past have looked at differences in hospitalization, ICU admission and death from COVID-19 broken down by sex. 此前的數項研究分析了男性和女性在患上新冠肺炎后在住院率、進入ICU以及死亡率之間的差異。 But the researchers noted that, out of more than 600,000 articles analyzed for this study -- published between December 2019 and June 2021 -- only 35 provided data about COVID-19 symptoms and aftereffects in enough detail to understand how males and females may experience the disease differently. 但是研究人員強調表示，為開展研究而分析的60多萬篇論文中（在2019年12月到2021年6月之間發表），只有35篇論文提供了足夠詳盡的有關新冠肺炎癥狀和新冠后遺癥方面的數據，這些數據有助于了解男性和女性在患上新冠肺炎后會有哪些不同的身體反應。 "Unfortunately, most studies did not evaluate or report granular data by sex, which limited sex-specific clinical insights that may be impacting treatment," they wrote. “不幸的是，絕大多數研究沒有評估或報告按性別區分的細化數據，這就限制了具體涉及性別的臨床分析并可能會對治療產生影響，”他們寫道。 It's unclear why women are more susceptible to long COVID than men, but the authors said it could be due to differences in how women's immune systems respond to infection compared to those of men. 為什么女性比男性更容易發展成慢性新冠肺炎目前還不明確，但是作者們表示，可能是由于女性免疫系統對感染的應答與男性有差異。 "Females mount more rapid and robust innate and adaptive immune responses, which can protect them from initial infection and severity," they wrote. "However, this same difference can render females more vulnerable to prolonged autoimmune-related diseases." “女性具有更加迅速和強健的內在適應性免疫應答，這可以保護她們避免首次感染并發展為重癥，”他們寫道。“但是，同樣的差異也使得女性更容易遭受慢性的自動免疫相關疾病。” Additionally, the team said women may be at greater risk of COVID-19 because certain professions, such as nursing and education, are largely made up of females, which could -- in turn -- make them more likely to develop long COVID. 此外，團隊還表示，由于某些職業，比如護士和教育，都是女性居多，因此女性感染新冠肺炎的風險更大，這反過來使得女性更容易發展為慢性新冠肺炎。 What's more, "there may be disparities in access to care based on gender that could affect the natural history of the disease, leading to more complications and [aftereffects]," the authors wrote in the release. 此外，“根據性別獲得照護方面也存在差異，這可能會影響疾病的自然使，并導致出現更加嚴重的并發癥和后果，”作者們在新聞稿中寫道。 來源：ScienceAlert 翻譯&編輯：上海譯銳翻譯 圖片：Bing