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While it’s possible to catch a viral illness any time of the year, winter seems to bring an influx of sickness. Flu shots are normally given in anticipation of seasonal spread;
盡管一年四季都可能得上病毒性疾病，但是冬季似乎是疾病的高峰期。為了應(yīng)對(duì)疾病在冬季的大肆傳播，人們通常會(huì)接種流感疫苗。

We often think of cold weather bringing people indoors as a big reason why colds and the flu seem to spread, but is that the only reason? Or is it something else?
我們通常會(huì)認(rèn)為由于天氣寒冷所以人們都呆在室內(nèi)是造成感冒和流感傳播的一大原因，但是這是唯一的原因嗎？是否還有其他因素導(dǎo)致冬季容易患感冒和流感？

While it’s certainly true that spending more time indoors can put you in closer proximity to others and thereby raise the risk of transmission, there are other factors at play. According to the National Institutes of Health, the lipid (or fatty) coating of influenza cells tends to turn into liquid at higher temperatures, making it less stable and transmissible. In colder weather, however, the lipid membrane remains intact, allowing for a sturdier and more persistent virus. When it comes in contact with the respiratory tract, the coating dissolves and begins to infect its host.
可以肯定的一點(diǎn)是，在室內(nèi)的時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)意味著你和他人會(huì)更近距離接觸，因此，疾病傳染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也隨之增加。但是除此之外，還有其他因素也在發(fā)揮作用。根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院的解釋?zhuān)鞲屑?xì)胞的脂質(zhì)外層在溫度較高時(shí)會(huì)變成液體，因此其穩(wěn)定性和可傳播性也就隨之減弱。但是，當(dāng)天氣較寒冷時(shí)，脂質(zhì)薄膜就會(huì)保持完整，并從而使病毒更加堅(jiān)固和持久。當(dāng)流感細(xì)胞接觸到呼吸道時(shí)，薄膜會(huì)融化并開(kāi)始感染宿主。

That’s not the only way viruses can benefit from cooler temperatures. Winter also means less humidity in the air, both indoors and outside. Less moisture means viruses can travel farther and remain in the air longer without binding to water molecules. Less indoor ventilation can also lead to stale air and persistent, lingering germs.
這并非是病毒從冷空氣中獲得的唯一好處。冬季還意味著戶內(nèi)和戶外的空氣濕度降低。濕度減少意味著病毒可以傳播得更遠(yuǎn)并能夠更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地保持在空氣中并且不與水分子粘合。室內(nèi)通風(fēng)不足也會(huì)導(dǎo)致空氣污濁并且導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌持續(xù)存在。

What about physiological reasons? It’s possible that cold weather may impact our immune systems. A recent study in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology looked at the possibility of immune defense in the nose growing less effective as temperatures drop, though only four subjects were studied and no firm conclusions were drawn. There’s also no general consensus over whether simply being cold affects our immune systems. Although it’s possible that fluctuating body temperatures can affect our ability to fight off illness, heading outside with wet hair or grabbing the mail in a T-shirt are unlikely to be major factors in getting sick.
那么，生理方面的因素呢？冷空氣可能會(huì)影響我們的免疫系統(tǒng)。《過(guò)敏與臨床免疫學(xué)》期刊最近所發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻腔內(nèi)的免疫防御能力會(huì)隨著氣溫下降而減弱，盡管只有4名受試對(duì)象參與了研究并且沒(méi)有得出肯定的結(jié)論。目前關(guān)于我們的免疫系統(tǒng)是否僅僅會(huì)由于寒冷而受到影響，目前還沒(méi)有一致的意見(jiàn)。盡管變化的體溫可能會(huì)影響我們抵御疾病的能力，但是頭發(fā)沒(méi)干就出門(mén)或者穿著短袖去拿郵件并非是導(dǎo)致我們生病的主要原因。

While winter may increase your risk of catching something unpleasant, the same general principles to stay healthy still apply. Frequent handwashing can help reduce the spread of germs, as can regularly disinfecting surfaces; try to avoid sharing utensils or drinking glasses with others, too. Vaccinations can also lower your risk of infection.
盡管冬季我們更有可能生病，但是還有一些原則可以幫助我們保持健康。比如，經(jīng)常洗手可以減少細(xì)菌的傳播，同樣定期給表面消毒也有作用；避免和他人共用餐具或水杯。疫苗也會(huì)減少感染疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Utensils：餐具

來(lái)源：Mental Floss

編輯：上海譯銳翻譯