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A revolt by enslaved people put the Louisiana Purchase in motion.

奴隸的暴動推動了路易斯安那購地計劃的實施。

France formally acquired the colony of Saint Domingue (in modern-day Haiti) from Spain in 1697. For a century, it served as a major source of stable revenue for France. It grew and exported two-thirds of the country’s domestic product, including coffee, sugar, cotton, and indigo, produced by enslaved laborers on large plantations.

1697年，法國正式從西班牙的手中接過了殖民地-圣多明哥（如今的海地）。一個世紀以來，圣多明哥一直是法國穩定收入的重要來源。這里種植和出口本地三分之二的產品，比如咖啡、蔗糖、棉花和靛藍。這些產品都來自于奴隸們在大型種植園里的勞作。

The high demand for products, and the inhumane conditions of the industries, fomented revolts by the enslaved workers and by free Black residents inspired by the ideals of?liberté,?egalité?and?fraternité then taking over France. When Napoleon sent French soldiers to quell the movements in the 1790s, the revolutionaries stood their ground, while yellow fever and malaria wiped out the troops. Those who survived returned home along with France’s hopes in the Caribbean, both defeated.

對產品的大量需求以及不人道的工作環境激起了奴隸們和自由黑人居民的反抗。當時席卷法國的自由、平等和博愛這一思想也啟發了奴隸們和黑人居民。18世紀90年代，拿破侖派法國士兵前往圣多明哥去鎮壓反抗運動，革命者們在這場鎮壓中存活了下來，而軍隊則難逃黃熱病和瘧疾。那些存活下來的士兵返回了法國，同樣受到打擊的還有法國在加勒比的希望。

Foment：激起、煽動、助長

Thomas Jefferson wanted to prevent France and Britain from squeezing the U.S.

托馬斯·杰斐遜試圖阻止法國和英國夾擊美國

France needed another lucrative funding source for Napoleon’s ambitions. The emperor turned his attention to selling the Louisiana Territory—an enormous chunk of North America, the western watershed of the Mississippi River, that Spain had relinquished to France in 1800 in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoleon didn’t have the military power to patrol this vast territory, and once France lost its Caribbean colonies, the North American land became a boondoggle.

為了滿足拿破侖的雄心壯志，法國需要其他有利可圖的資金來源。這位皇帝開始把注意力放在出售路易斯安領地那上。路易斯安領地占據了北美洲的大部分地區以及以密西西比河作為分水嶺的以西地區。1800年，西班牙在一項秘密的《第三次圣伊德方索條約（Third Treaty of San Ildefonso）》中，將路易斯安那領地割讓給了法國。拿破侖沒有足夠的軍事實力來將管轄這片巨大的領地。而一旦法國失去了加勒比地區的殖民地，這塊位于北美洲的土地也就失去了價值。

watershed：分水嶺

Relinquish：讓出（財產、權利）

Boondoggle：毫無意義的工作（或事情）；浪費時間金錢的工作（或事情）

President Thomas Jefferson, after becoming aware of the Third Treaty of Ildefonso in 1802, immediately wanted to avoid a situation in which the U.S. got squeezed between its enemies: British Canada to the north, French Louisiana to the west, and Spanish Florida to the south.

杰斐遜在1802年知道了《第三次圣伊德方索條約》后，就立刻想要使美國擺脫受敵對國夾擊的局面：北面是英屬加拿大，西面是法屬的路易斯安那，南面則是西屬的佛羅里達。

At first, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans.

最初，杰斐遜提出買下新奧爾良。

Before Spain had transferred the Louisiana Territory to France, it had signed a treaty with the U.S. giving merchants and farmers permission to send their goods down the Mississippi River and store them in New Orleans without paying extra taxes. After France took over Louisiana, it revoked these rights, infuriating American business owners.

西班牙將路易斯安那領地轉手給法國之前曾和美國簽署了一份協議，這份協議允許美國的商人和農民將他們的商品送到密西西比河的下游并將其存放在新奧爾良且不需要支付額外的稅費。法國接管路易斯安那后，這些權利就被撤銷了，這就激怒了美國的商人。

Jefferson feared Napoleon’s plans for New Orleans and worried the U.S. would need British assistance to survive if Napoleon maintained control of the important port city. “The day that France takes possession of New Orleans … we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation,” Jefferson wrote to Robert Livingston, the U.S. minister to France.

杰斐遜擔心拿破侖的新奧爾良計劃并擔心如果拿破侖繼續控制著這座重要的港口城市，美國可能需要英國的幫助才能存活下去。“法國接管新奧爾良后……我們就必須委身于英國和英國的艦隊了，”杰斐遜在給美國駐法國公使羅伯特-利文斯頓（Robert Livingston）的信中寫道。

Rather than go to war over the broken Mississippi River treaty, Jefferson told Livingston and former Minister to France James Monroe to negotiate with Napoleon to purchase New Orleans and West Florida. Napoleon, however, had by then decided to sell all of Louisiana to the U.S. to raise funds for his impending war with Britain.

杰斐遜并沒有因破產的密西西比河條約而開戰，相反他讓利文斯頓和前駐法國公使詹姆斯·門羅和拿破侖談判，以求購買新奧爾良和西佛羅里達。拿破侖決定將整個路易斯安那領地都賣給美國，以為與英國之間迫在眉睫的戰爭而籌集資金。

The United States had to borrow money to complete the Louisiana Purchase.

美國不得不通過借錢才實現了路易斯安那領地的購買

Unfortunately, the United States didn’t have Napoleon’s final asking price: 60 million francs, or $15 million at the time (which included the forgiveness of France’s $3.75 million debt). The U.S. nation also had a debt of over $7 million. The House of Representatives passed bills allowing the U.S. to borrow money to complete the transaction with funds from British and Dutch banks; the terms of the agreements stipulated that the U.S. had 15 years to repay the loan.

不幸的是，對于拿破侖所提出的最終報價（6000萬法郎或1500萬美元，其中包括被免去的法國375萬的債務），美國并沒有足夠的錢。美國自己還有700多萬美金的債務。眾議院通過法案，允許美國通過向英國和荷蘭銀行借款來完成交易；協議規定，美國要在15年內償還掉借款。

The Louisiana Purchase was one of the biggest land bargains in American history.

路易斯安那購地是美國歷史上規模最大的土地交易案之一

When both countries signed the Louisiana Purchase treaty on May 2, 1803 (backdated to April 30), the boundaries of the Louisiana Territory were unclear.

當兩個國家在1803年5月2日簽署了路易斯安那購地條約（追溯至4月30日）時，路易斯安那地區的邊界還尚未明確。

The actual geographic limits weren’t agreed upon until almost 20 years later, when the Convention of 1818 and the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 established the boundaries. According to A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America by John Kukla, the territory spanned the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. It encompassed 13 present-day states: “Arkansas, Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wyoming.”

實際的地理分界線直到20年后才通過《1818 年公約》和《1819 年亞當斯-奧尼斯條約》達成一致。根據《如此廣袤的曠野：路易斯安那購地和美國的命運》一書（作者約翰庫克拉），這片區域越過密西西比河一直到落基山脈，從北面的加拿大一直到墨西哥灣。它囊括了現在的13個州：“阿肯色州、落基山脈以東的科羅拉多州、愛荷華州、堪薩斯州、路易斯安那州、密西西比河西面的明尼蘇達州、密蘇里州、蒙大拿州、內布拉斯加州、北達科他州、俄克拉荷馬州、南達科他州以及懷俄明州。”

It added 828,000 square miles (around 375 million acres) to the United States, doubling its size, at a cost of about four cents per acre.

這次的購買交易使美國的面積增加了82.8萬平方英里（大約3.75億畝），面積擴大了一倍，而每畝的成本則為4美分。

Jefferson had secretly asked Congress for funds to investigate the Louisiana Territory—before the actual purchase.

在實際購買之前，杰斐遜秘密請求國會撥款以對路易斯安那領地展開調查

On January 18, 1803, Jefferson sent a confidential letter to Congress requesting $2500 to fund an exploration of Louisiana. He realized that westward migration of American settlers would bring them into contact with Indigenous peoples, and he sought to encourage the Native peoples to adopt Western modes of trade and agriculture. Along with those goals, Jefferson wanted to know if there was a navigable water route to the Pacific Ocean—a?Northwest Passage—to increase the nation’s trade with Asia.

1803年1月18日，杰斐遜給國會寄了一封密信，要求國會撥款2500美元以為探索路易斯安那提供資金幫助。杰斐遜意識到，美國定居者不斷向西遷徙會使他們遇到原住民族，而他也試圖鼓勵原住民采取西方式的貿易和農業方式。除了這些目標之外，杰斐遜還希望了解這里是否有通往太平洋的可通航河道-一條西北通道，以增加美國與亞洲之間的貿易。

As an avid naturalist, Jefferson also wanted a complete survey of the plants, animals, points of latitude and longitude, soil, and other characteristics of the territory.

作為一名狂熱的自然學家，杰斐遜還希望徹底地考察這里的動物、植物、經緯度、土壤以及其他特點。

原文來源：心理牙線

編輯：譯銳翻譯