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How the Internet may be changing the brain

互聯網如何改變大腦

An international team of researchers from Western Sydney University, Harvard University, Kings College, Oxford University and University of Manchester have found the Internet can produce both acute and sustained alterations in specific areas of cognition, which may reflect changes in the brain, affecting our attentional capacities, memory processes, and social interactions.

來自西悉尼大學、哈佛大學、國王學院、牛津大學以及曼徹斯特大學的國際研究團隊發現，互聯網會對特定的認知區域產生劇烈以及持續的改變。這一影響可能體現在大腦的變化方面。大腦的改變會影響我們的注意力、記憶力以及社交能力。

In a first of its kind review, published in World Psychiatry -- the world's leading psychiatric research journal, the researchers investigated leading hypotheses on how the Internet may alter cognitive processes, and further examined the extent to which these hypotheses were supported by recent findings from psychological, psychiatric and neuroimaging research.

在首篇出版于全球領先的精神病學研究期刊-《世界精神病學》的報告中，研究人員調查了有關互聯網如何改變認知過程的主要假設并進一步詳細研究了最近的心理學、精神病學以及神經成像研究報告與這些假設的符合程度。

The extensive report, led by Dr Joseph Firth, Senior Research Fellow at NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University and Honorary Research Fellow at The University of Manchester, combined the evidence to produce revised models on how the Internet could affect the brain's structure, function and cognitive development.

由西悉尼大學NICM健康研究院高級研究員、曼徹斯特大學榮譽研究員Dr. Joseph Firth教授牽頭的、涉及范圍廣泛的報告將證據組合起來并對互聯網如何影響大腦結構、功能以及認知發展的模型進行修改。

"The key findings of this report are that high-levels of Internet use could indeed impact on many functions of the brain. For example, the limitless stream of prompts and notifications from the Internet encourages us towards constantly holding a divided attention -- which then in turn may decrease our capacity for maintaining concentration on a single task," said Dr Firth.

Firth博士表示：“報告的關鍵研究結果是，大量的互聯網使用確實可以影響大腦的許多功能。比如，互聯網中無限的提示和通知會鼓勵我們不斷分散注意力并反過來會削弱我們持久專心做一件事的能力。”

"Additionally, the online world now presents us with a uniquely large and constantly-accessible resource for facts and information, which is never more than a few taps and swipes away.

“此外，僅僅通過敲擊幾下鍵盤并滑動鼠標，互聯網就可以為我們呈現異常豐富且能夠持續獲取的事實和信息資源。”

"Given we now have most of the world's factual information literally at our fingertips, this appears to have the potential to begin changing the ways in which we store, and even value, facts and knowledge in society, and in the brain."

“鑒于現在只要動動手指，我們就可以獲得全球絕大多數的信息，這似乎有可能開始改變我們儲存，甚至評價社會以及大腦中事實和知識的方法。”

The recent introduction and widespread adoption of these online technologies, along with social media, is also of concern to some teachers and parents. The World Health Organization's 2018 guidelines recommended that young children (aged 2-5) should be exposed to one hour per day, or less, of screen time. However, the report also found that the vast majority of research examining the effects of the Internet on the brain has been conducted in adults -- and so more research is needed to determine the benefits and drawbacks of Internet use in young people.

在線技術的引入以及廣泛應用，再加上社交媒體，也會讓部分老師和家長產生顧慮。世界衛生組織2018年的指南建議，年齡在2-5歲的幼兒每天觀看屏幕的時間應該為1小時或更少。但是，報告還發現，絕大多數研究互聯網對大腦影響的研究主要針對成年人進行-因此需要更多研究來檢測互聯網使用對于兒童的益處和不利影響。

Dr Firth says although more research is needed, avoiding the potential negative effects could be as simple as ensuring that children are not missing out on other crucial developmental activities, such as social interaction and exercise, by spending too much time on digital devices.

Firth博士表示，盡管需要更多的研究，但是避免潛在不利影響可以和保證孩子不會因為在電子設備上花太多時間而錯過其他重要成長活動，比如社交和鍛煉一樣簡單。

"To help with this, there are also now a multitude of apps and software programs available for restricting Internet usage and access on smartphones and computers -- which parents and carers can use to place some 'family-friendly' rules around both the time spent on personal devices, and also the types of content engaged with," he said.

“為了實現這一目的，現在有大量的限制上網和使用智能手機和電腦的app和軟件程序。家長和監護人可以使用這些app和軟件程序來針對上網時間和所瀏覽的內容類型設定一些家庭規則。”

"Alongside this, speaking to children often about how their online lives affect them is also important -- to hopefully identify children at risk of cyberbullying, addictive behaviours, or even exploitation -- and so enabling timely intervention to avoid adverse outcomes."

“除了這些，經常告訴孩子上網將如何對他們產生影響也非常重要-識別遭受網絡欺凌、有成癮行為或甚至非法使用的孩子，并從而及時干預以避免產生不良后果。”

Professor Jerome Sarris, Deputy Director and Director of Research at NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University and senior author on the report, is concerned over some of the potential impacts of increasing Internet use on the brain.

Jerome Sarris教授，西悉尼大學NICM健康研究院研究主任兼副主任，報告的資深作者對不斷擴大的互聯網使用對大腦所產生的部分潛在影響十分關切。

"The bombardment of stimuli via the Internet, and the resultant divided attention commonly experienced, presents a range of concerns," said Professor Sarris.

Sarris教授表示：“互聯網中連珠炮似的刺激以及所導致的注意力分散引起大量的擔憂。”

"I believe that this, along with the increasing #Instagramification of society, has the ability to alter both the structure and functioning of the brain, while potentially also altering our social fabric.

“我認為，這一現象，再加上社會不斷加強的社交媒體現象都可以改變大腦的結構和功能，并同時會對社會結構產生潛在影響。”

"To minimise the potential adverse effects of high-intensity multi-tasking Internet usage, I would suggest mindfulness and focus practice, along with use of 'Internet hygiene' techniques (e.g. reducing online multitasking, ritualistic 'checking' behaviours, and evening online activity, while engaging in more in-person interactions)," said Professor Sarris.

Sarris教授表示：“為了在最大程度減少高強度多重任務的互聯網使用所帶來的潛在不利影響，我建議正念和專注練習，并同時采用‘互聯網衛生’技巧（比如減少線上多重任務、儀式化的‘檢查’行為，甚至是在線活動，同時進行更多的面對面互動）”。

Co-author and director of the digital psychiatry program at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and a clinical fellow at Harvard Medical School, Dr John Torous added: "The findings from this paper highlight how much more we have to learn about the impact of our digital world on mental health and brain health. There are certainly new potential benefits for some aspects of health, but we need to balance them against potential risks."

貝斯以色列女執事醫療中心數字精神病學項目的合著者兼主任，哈佛大學醫學院的臨床研究員John Torous博士補充表示：“這一研究報告的結果強調了我們還需要了解的、數字世界對精神健康以及大腦健康的影響。數字世界對于健康的某些方面肯定有潛在的益處，但是我們也需要在潛在益處和潛在危害之間保持平衡。”

Oxford research fellow and study co-author, Dr Josh Firth added: "It's clear the Internet has drastically altered the opportunity for social interactions, and the contexts within which social relationships can take place. So, it's now critical to understand the potential for the online world to actually alter our social functioning, and determine which aspects of our social behaviour will change, and which won't."

牛津研究學者和研究合著者Josh Firth教授補充表示：“顯然，互聯網給社交機遇以及社交關系形成的背景帶來了巨大的改變。因此，了解互聯網世界實際改變我們社交功能的潛能并判斷我們的哪些社會行為會發現改變以及哪些不會十分重要。”

文章來源：科學日報   編輯：上海譯銳翻譯Susan