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The brain consumes half of a child's energy -- and that could matter for weight gain

大腦會消耗孩子一半的能量-這可能對體重增加有影響

圖片來源: ? Rawpixel.com / Adobe Stock

New paper proposes that variation in brain energy expenditure during childhood could be linked to obesity risk

新發表的論文指出，孩童時期大腦能量消耗的變化可能與肥胖風險有關

Weight gain occurs when an individual's energy intake exceeds their energy expenditure -- in other words, when calories in exceed calories out. What is less well understood is the fact that, on average, nearly half of the body's energy is used by the brain during early childhood.

當一個人所攝入的能量超過其所消耗的能量時，體重就會增加。換句話說，就是攝入的卡路里超過了消耗的卡路里。不太為人們所知的一點是，平均而言，在童年早期，身體幾乎一半的能量都是被大腦所消耗掉的。

In a new paper published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), "A hypothesis linking the energy demand of the brain to obesity risk," co-authors Christopher Kuzawa of Northwestern University and Clancy Blair of New York University School of Medicine, propose that variation in the energy needs of brain development across kids -- in terms of the timing, intensity and duration of energy use -- could influence patterns of energy expenditure and weight gain.

一篇新發表于《美國科學院學報》的論文提出一個假設，這一假設將大腦對能量的需求與肥胖相聯系。論文的合著者-西北大學的Christopher Kuzawa 和紐約大學醫藥學院的Clancy Blair提出，在兒童時間，大腦在時間、強度以及能量使用時長方面對能量需求的變化可能會對能量消耗的方式以及體重增加產生影響。

"We all know that how much energy our bodies burn is an important influence on weight gain," said Kuzawa, professor of anthropology in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and a faculty fellow with the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern. "When kids are 5, their brains use almost half of their bodies' energy. And yet, we have no idea how much the brain's energy expenditure varies between kids. This is a huge hole in our understanding of energy expenditure."

溫伯格藝術與科學學院人類學教授、西北大學政策研究學院教職人員Kuzawa表示：“眾所周知，我們的身體能夠消耗多少能量對于體重的增加有重要的影響。對于5歲的兒童而言，他們的大腦會消耗身體幾乎一半的能量。但是，我們目前還無從得知大腦能量消耗在孩子間的變化。這對于我們了解能量消耗還是一個巨大的未知數。”

"A major aim of our paper is to bring attention to this gap in understanding and to encourage researchers to measure the brain's energy use in future studies of child development, especially those focused on understanding weight gain and obesity risk."

我們論文的主要目的是將人們的注意力轉向這一理解偏差并鼓勵研究人員在未來的兒童發育研究中，特別是那些專注于了解體重增加和肥胖的研究人員，衡量大腦的能量消耗情況。

According to the authors, another important unknown is whether programs designed to stimulate brain development through enrichment, such as preschool programs like Head Start, might influence the brain's pattern of energy use.

根據作者的觀點，另外一個重要的未知領域是旨在刺激大腦發育的項目，比如類似于Head Start的早教項目等是否會對大腦的能量使用模式產生影響。

"We believe it plausible that increased energy expenditure by the brain could be an unanticipated benefit to early child development programs, which, of course, have many other demonstrated benefits," Kuzawa said. "That would be a great win-win."

Kuzawa表示：“大腦能量消耗的增加可能會對兒童早期的成長帶來未知的益處。而目前，大腦能量消耗已經為我們帶來許多已知的好處。這可能是一個雙贏的局面。”

This new hypothesis was inspired by Kuzawa and his colleagues' 2014 study showing that the brain consumes a lifetime peak of two-thirds of the body's resting energy expenditure, and almost half of total expenditure, when kids are five years old. This study also showed that ages when the brain's energy needs increase during early childhood are also ages of declining weight gain. As the energy needed for brain development declines in older children and adolescents, the rate of weight gain increases in parallel.

Kuzawa和他的同事在2014年的研究中發現一個新的假設。根據這個假設，大腦會在一生中消耗人體剩余能量的2/3，并在孩子5歲時消耗幾乎一半的能量。該研究還指出，在童年早期的某個年齡段，當大腦所需要的能量增加時，其體重也會隨之下降。當孩子年齡稍大些以及進入青少年時期時，大腦發育所需要的能量有所下降，而體重增加率也隨之有所上升。

"This finding helped confirm a long-standing hypothesis in anthropology that human children evolved a much slower rate of childhood growth compared to other mammals and primates in part because their brains required more energy to develop," Kuzawa said.

Kuzawa表示：“這一結果有助于證實人類學中一個長期的假設，即與其他哺乳類和靈長類動物相比，人類兒童的成長速度要慢得多。這部分是因為大腦發育需要更多的能量。”

需要了解的詞：

Weight gain:體重增加

Matter:有重大、重要影響

Energy intake：能量攝入

Energy expenditure：能量消耗

文章來源：科學日報   編輯：上海譯銳翻譯Susan