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Scientists discover how plants breathe -- and how humans shaped their 'lungs'

科學家們發現了植物呼吸的方式以及人類如何塑造植物的“肺”

上海譯銳翻譯  2019-7-1   13:57 p.m.

? constantincornel / Adobe Stock

Scientists have discovered how plants create networks of air channels -- the lungs of the leaf -- to transport carbon dioxide (CO2) to their cells.

科學家們發現了植物是如何形成空氣通道網（葉子的肺部）并將二氧化碳傳送至細胞的。

Botanists have known since the 19th century that leaves have pores -- called stomata -- and contain an intricate internal network of air channels. But until now it wasn't understood how those channels form in the right places in order to provide a steady flow of CO2 to every plant cell.

自19世紀以來，植物學家們就發現葉子有一種被稱為“氣孔”的小孔并有一個復雜的內部空氣通道網。但是，直到現在，植物學家們才弄明白，這些通道是如何在恰當的地方形成并為每一個細胞穩定輸送二氧化碳的。

The new study, led by scientists at the University of Sheffield's Institute for Sustainable Food and published in Nature Communications, used genetic manipulation techniques to reveal that the more stomata a leaf has, the more airspace it forms. The channels act like bronchioles -- the tiny passages that carry air to the exchange surfaces of human and animal lungs.

由謝菲爾德大學綠色食物學院科學家們所牽頭的新研究（研究論文發表于《自然通信》）運用基因操控技術表明，一片樹葉所擁有的氣孔越多，它所形成的空氣空間也就越大。類似于細支氣管的通道-微小管道會將空氣帶到人們和動物肺部的交換表面。

In collaboration with colleagues at the University of Nottingham and Lancaster University, they showed that the movement of CO2through the pores most likely determines the shape and scale of the air channel network.

在與諾丁漢大學和蘭卡斯特大學同事合作的過程中，科學家們發現，二氧化碳穿過氣孔的過程極有可能決定了空氣通道網的形狀和規模。

The discovery marks a major step forward in our understanding of the internal structure of a leaf, and how the function of tissues can influence how they develop -- which could have ramifications beyond plant biology, in fields such as evolutionary biology.

這一發現使我們在了解樹葉內部結構方面以及細胞的功能如何對細胞的發展發揮作用（可能具有植物生物學之外的衍生影響，比如進化生物學方面）又邁進了一大步。

The study also shows that wheat plants have been bred by generations of people to have fewer pores on their leaves and fewer air channels, which makes their leaves more dense and allows them to be grown with less water.

研究還發現，在數代人的培育下，小麥葉子表面的氣孔和空氣通道都越來越少，這也造成了小麥的葉子更加濃密并可以在水更少的情況下生長。

This new insight highlights the potential for scientists to make staple crops like wheat even more water-efficient by altering the internal structure of their leaves. This approach is being pioneered by other scientists at the Institute for Sustainable Food, who have developed climate-ready rice and wheat which can survive extreme drought conditions.

這一新發現讓科學家可以進一步通過改變樹葉內部結構的方式讓小麥等主要糧食作物更加節水。綠色食物學院的其他科學家們已經率先開始采用這一方法來研發出能夠適應氣候并且能夠抵御極端干旱條件的水稻和小麥。

Professor Andrew Fleming from the Institute for Sustainable Food at the University of Sheffield said: "Until now, the way plants form their intricate patterns of air channels has remained surprisingly mysterious to plant scientists.

來自謝菲爾德綠色食物學院的Andrew Fleming教授表示：“直到現在，植物形成復雜的空氣通道的方式對于植物科學家們而言仍然屬于未知領域。”

"This major discovery shows that the movement of air through leaves shapes their internal workings -- which has implications for the way we think about evolution in plants.

“這一重大發現表明，空氣穿過樹葉的運動方式決定了樹葉的內部工作方式-而這對于我們思考植物進化的方式也具有影響。”

"The fact that humans have already inadvertently influenced the way plants breathe by breeding wheat that uses less water suggests we could target these air channel networks to develop crops that can survive the more extreme droughts we expect to see with climate breakdown."

“人們無意中通過利用更少的水來栽培小麥的方式已經對植物呼吸的方式產生了影響，這意味著我們可以針對這些空氣通道網來培育可以應對極端干旱氣候的作物。”

Dr Marjorie Lundgren, Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at Lancaster University, said: "Scientists have suspected for a long time that the development of stomata and the development of air spaces within a leaf are coordinated. However, we weren't really sure which drove the other. So this started as a 'what came first, the chicken or the egg?' question.

蘭卡斯特大學Leverhulme青年研究學者-Marjorie Lundgren博士表示：“科學家們早已懷疑，氣孔的發展和葉片中空氣層間的發展是相互協調的。然而，我們確實不太肯定哪個先，哪個后。所以，這也提出了‘是雞生蛋，還是蛋生雞？’的問題。”

"Using a clever set of experiments involving X-ray CT image analyses, our collaborative team answered these questions using species with very different leaf structures. While we show that the development of stomata initiates the expansion of air spaces, we took it one step further to show that the stomata actually need to be exchanging gases in order for the air spaces to expand. This paints a much more interesting story, linked to physiology."

通過采取各種實驗組合，我們的合作團隊利用X光線CT成像分析和各種不同種類的樹葉結構回答了這些問題。我們發現，氣孔的發展推動了空氣空間的擴大。隨之，我們進一步發現，氣孔實際需要交換氣體，以確保空氣空間不斷擴大。這就形成了一個更加有趣的、與生理機能有關的故事。

The X-ray imaging work was undertaken at the Hounsfield Facility at the University of Nottingham. The Director of the Facility, Professor Sacha Mooney, said: "Until recently the application of X-ray CT, or CAT scanning, in plant sciences has mainly been focused on visualising the hidden half of the plant -- the roots -- as they grow in soil.

X光成像工作在諾丁漢大學的Hounsfield工作室展開。工作室主任，Sacha Mooney教授表示：“直到最近，X光線CT或CAT掃描在植物學科中的應用重點是將植物隱藏的另一半，即根系顯現出來。”

"Working with our partners in Sheffield we have now developed the technique to visualise the cellular structure of a plant leaf in 3D -- allowing us to see how the complex network of air spaces inside the leaf controls its behaviour. It's very exciting."

“通過與謝菲爾德的同仁共同合作，我們現在已經研發出一種可以將植物葉片中的細胞結構進行3D視覺化的技術。這一技術可以使我們發現葉片內部復雜的空氣空間網如何影響葉片的行為。這是非常令人興奮的。”

The Institute for Sustainable Food at the University of Sheffield brings together multidisciplinary expertise and world-class research facilities to help achieve food security and protect the natural resources we all depend on.

謝菲爾德大學綠色植物學院匯集了各學科的專業知識和世界領先的研究設備來確保食物的安全性并保護我們所賴以生存的自然資源。

需要了解的詞：

Stomata：氣孔

Genetic manipulation technique：基因操縱技術

Bronchiole：細支氣管

staple crop：主要糧食作物

climate-ready：能夠應對氣候變化的

Early Career Fellow：青年研究學者

文章來源：科學日報    編輯：Susan