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Pig-Pen effect: Mixing skin oil and ozone can produce a personal pollution cloud

豬圈效應(yīng)：皮膚油脂和臭氧混合會(huì)造成個(gè)人污染氣體

上海譯銳翻譯  2019-7-3     13:35 p.m.

When ozone and skin oils meet, the resulting reaction may help remove ozone from an indoor environment, but it can also produce a personal cloud of pollutants that affects indoor air quality, according to a team of researchers.

根據(jù)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)的介紹，當(dāng)臭氧和皮膚油脂相遇，所發(fā)生的反應(yīng)可能有助于減少室內(nèi)的臭氧。但同時(shí)，其也會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量的個(gè)人污染物。

In a computer model of indoor environments, the researchers show that a range of volatile and semi-volatile gases and substances are produced when ozone, a form of oxygen that can be toxic, reacts with skin oils carried by soiled clothes, a reaction that some researchers have likened to the less-than-tidy Peanuts comic strip character.

在一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)室內(nèi)環(huán)境模型中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，臭氧（一種可能具有毒性的氧氣）和臟衣服中所含的皮膚油脂發(fā)生反應(yīng)時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生一系列揮發(fā)性和半揮發(fā)性的氣體和物質(zhì)。某些研究人員將一種反應(yīng)比喻為連環(huán)漫畫(huà)《花生漫畫(huà)》中那些邋遢的動(dòng)畫(huà)人物。

"When the ozone is depleted through human skin, we become the generator of the primary products, which can cause sensory irritations," said Donghyun Rim, assistant professor of architectural engineering and an Institute for CyberScience associate, Penn State. "Some people call this higher concentration of pollutants around the human body the personal cloud, or we call it the 'Pig-Pen Effect.'"

賓州州立大學(xué)建筑工程助教兼網(wǎng)絡(luò)科學(xué)研究所助教Donghyun Rim表示：“當(dāng)臭氧在人體皮膚中被消耗掉后，我們就成為主要產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生者，而這會(huì)造成感官刺激。一些人把人體周?chē)@種高濃度的污染物稱(chēng)為個(gè)人氣體，我們稱(chēng)之為‘豬圈效應(yīng)’?！?/p>

The substances that are produced by the reaction include organic compounds, such as carbonyls, that can irritate the skin and lungs, said Rim. People with asthma may be particularly vulnerable to ozone and ozone reaction products, he said.

反應(yīng)所產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)包括有機(jī)化合物，比如會(huì)對(duì)皮膚和肺部造成刺激的羰基。哮喘人群也許特別容易受到臭氧以及臭氧反應(yīng)物質(zhì)的影響。

According to the researchers, who reported their findings in a recent issue of Nature's Communications Chemistry, skin oils contain substances, such as squalene, fatty acids and wax esters. If a person wears the same clothes too long -- for example, more than a day -- without washing, there is a chance that the clothes become more saturated with the oils, leading to a higher chance of reaction with ozone, which is an unstable gas.

研究人員在最近一期的《自然通信化學(xué)》雜志中發(fā)表了他們的研究結(jié)果。據(jù)研究人員介紹，皮膚油脂中含有鯊烯、脂肪酸和蠟酯等物質(zhì)。如果一個(gè)人超過(guò)一天不換衣服，那么這件衣服就會(huì)沾有大量皮膚油脂并增加和臭氧--一種不穩(wěn)定氣體發(fā)生反應(yīng)的概率。

"Squalene can react very effectively with ozone," said Rim. "Squalene has a higher reaction rate with ozone because it has a double carbon bond and, because of its chemical makeup, the ozone wants to jump in and break this bond."

Rim表示：“鯊烯可以以非常有效的方式與臭氧發(fā)生反應(yīng)。鯊烯與臭氧具有更高的反應(yīng)率，這主要是因?yàn)轷徬┚哂刑茧p鍵。正是由于這種化學(xué)組成，臭氧會(huì)跳入并打破鏈接?！?/p>

Indoors, ozone concentration can range from 5 to 25 parts per billion -- ppb -- depending on how the air is circulating from outside to inside and what types of chemicals and surfaces are used in the building. In a polluted city, for example, the amount of ozone in indoor environments may be much higher.

在室內(nèi)，臭氧的濃度范圍在5-25ppb之間，這具體取決于空氣如何從外部流入室內(nèi)以及建筑物中使用了哪種化學(xué)物質(zhì)和表面材料。在污染的城市里，舉個(gè)例子，室內(nèi)環(huán)境下的臭氧含量也許更高。

"A lot of people think of the ozone layer when we talk about ozone," said Rim. "But, we're not talking about that ozone, that's good ozone. But ozone at the ground level has adverse health impacts."

Rim說(shuō)：“許多人會(huì)在我們談?wù)摮粞鯐r(shí)想到臭氧層。但是，我們所談?wù)摰牟⒎浅粞鯇樱鞘且环N好的臭氧。地面上的臭氧層會(huì)對(duì)健康產(chǎn)生不利影響。”

Wearing clean clothes might be a good idea for a lot of reasons, but it might not necessarily lead to reducing exposure to ozone, said Rim. For example, a single soiled t-shirt helps keep ozone out of the breathing zone by removing about 30 to 70 percent of the ozone circulating near a person.

穿干凈的衣服從許多角度來(lái)看也許是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的主意，但是干凈衣服并非一定可以減少皮膚與臭氧的接觸，Rim表示。比如說(shuō)，一件臟T恤可以將圍繞在一個(gè)人周?chē)某粞鯗p少大約30%到70%，并將臭氧排除在呼吸區(qū)域之外。

"If you have clean clothes, that means you might be breathing in more of this ozone, which isn't good for you either," said Rim.

Rim表示：“如果你穿干凈的衣服，這意味著你可能會(huì)吸入更多的臭氧，而這同樣對(duì)你不利?！?/p>

Rim said that the research is one part of a larger project to better understand the indoor environment where people spend most of their time.

Rim表示，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)大項(xiàng)目的一部分，該項(xiàng)目旨在更好地了解人們大部分時(shí)間所處于的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。

"The bottom line is that we, humans, spend more than 90 percent of our time in buildings, or indoor environments, but, as far as actual research goes, there are still a lot of unknowns about what's going on and what types of gases and particles we're exposed to in indoor environments," said Rim. "The things that we inhale, that we touch, that we interact with, many of those things are contributing to the chemical accumulations in our body and our health."

Rim表示：“我們?nèi)祟?lèi)90%以上的時(shí)間是在建筑物或室內(nèi)環(huán)境中度過(guò)的，但是隨著實(shí)際研究的展開(kāi)，關(guān)于室內(nèi)的情況以及我們?cè)谑覂?nèi)會(huì)接觸哪類(lèi)氣體和粒子仍有許多未知狀況。我們所吸入的、觸摸到的以及接觸到的許多東西都會(huì)造成化學(xué)物在我們體內(nèi)堆積并會(huì)對(duì)我們的健康產(chǎn)生影響。”

Rather than advising people whether to wear clean or dirty clothes, the researchers suggest that people should focus on keeping ground ozone levels down. Better building design and filtration, along with cutting pollution, are ways that could cut the impact of the Pig-Pen Effect, they added.

研究人員并沒(méi)有建議人們是穿干凈的或是臟衣服，相反，研究人員建議人們應(yīng)該把重點(diǎn)放在控制地面的臭氧水平。更佳的建筑設(shè)計(jì)和過(guò)濾以及減少污染都可以減少豬圈效應(yīng)所帶來(lái)的影響，他們補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。

To build and validate the models, the researchers used experimental data from prior experiments investigating reactions between ozone and squalene, and between ozone and clothing. The researchers then analyzed further how the squalene-ozone reaction creates pollutants in various indoor conditions.

研究人員利用之前研究臭氧和鯊烯以及臭氧和服裝之間反應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)建立并驗(yàn)證模型。隨后，研究人員進(jìn)一步分析了鯊烯和臭氧之間的反應(yīng)是如何在各種室內(nèi)環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生污染物的。

The team relied on computer modeling to simulate indoor spaces that vary with ventilation conditions and how inhabitants of those spaces manage air quality, Rim said.

團(tuán)隊(duì)依靠計(jì)算機(jī)建模來(lái)模擬具有不同通風(fēng)的室內(nèi)空間并模擬空間居住人員管理空氣質(zhì)量的方式，Rim表示。

In the future, the team may look at how other common indoor sources, such as candle and cigarette smoke, could affect the indoor air quality and its impact on human health.

在未來(lái)，團(tuán)隊(duì)可能會(huì)探索其他常見(jiàn)的室內(nèi)氣體來(lái)源，比如蠟燭和香煙是如何影響空氣質(zhì)量的，以及其對(duì)人類(lèi)健康的影響。

文章來(lái)源：科學(xué)時(shí)報(bào)         編輯：質(zhì)控部Susan