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America's packaged food supply is ultra-processed

美國的包裝食品屬于過度加工食品

? Piman Khrutmuang / Adobe Stock

上海譯銳翻譯   2019-7-26    15:38 p.m.

Americans are overexposed to products that are high in energy, saturated fat, sugar and salt, according to a new Northwestern Medicine study that reports the United States packaged food and beverage supply in 2018 was ultra-processed and generally unhealthy.

根據《西北醫學》上的一項新研究，美國人過度接觸高熱量、高飽和脂肪以及高糖和高鹽食品。據該項新研究介紹，美國2018年的包裝食品和飲料均為過度加工食品且總體而言對健康不利。

saturated fat：飽和脂肪

Since about 80% of Americans' total calorie consumption comes from store-bought foods and beverages (packaged and unpackaged), the food and beverage supply plays a central role in the development of chronic disease including obesity and cardiovascular disease.

由于大約80%的美國人所攝入的總卡路里來自于從商店購買到的食品和飲料（既包括包裝食品和非包裝制品），食品和飲料供應在慢性疾病，包括肥胖和心血管疾病的形成方面發揮著至關重要的作用。

chronic disease：慢性病

cardiovascular disease：心血管疾病

The study was published today, July 24, in the journal Nutrients. It aims to provide new information for consumers, researchers and policymakers to encourage food manufacturers to reformulate or replace unhealthy products and to inform the U.S. government on where action may be needed to improve the healthfulness of the U.S. packaged food and beverage supply.

研究結果于今天，即7月24日在《營養物》（Nutrients）雜志發表。該研究旨在為消費者、研究人員以及政策制定者提供新的信息，以鼓勵食品制造商能夠重新調整食品配方或撤換不健康的食品，并幫助美國政府了解在哪些方面可能需要采取行動以改善美國包裝食品和飲料的健康程度。

"To say that our food supply is highly processed won't shock anyone, but it's important that we hold food and beverage manufacturers accountable by continually documenting how they're doing in terms of providing healthy foods for consumers," said lead author Abigail Baldridge, a biostatistician in the department of preventive medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "And the verdict is they can and should be doing a whole lot better."

文章首席作者，西北大學芬伯格醫學院預防醫學系的生物統計學家Abigail Baldridge表示：”如果說起我們的食品屬于過度加工食品，那么沒有人會感到吃驚。但是重要的是，我們應該通過不斷將食品和飲料生產商在提供健康食品方面的做法記入檔案的方式讓他們為健康食品和飲料負責。這樣做的結論就是這些食品制造商能夠并且應該做的更好。“

As classified by the NOVA Food Classification System developed at the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil, "ultra-processed food and beverages" is the fourth and final group of foods that "are industrial formulations made entirely or mostly from substances extracted from foods (oils, fats, sugar, starch and proteins)." They are derived from hydrogenated fats and modified starch, and are synthesized in laboratories.

根據巴西圣保羅大學所制定的NOVA食品分類體系，”過度加工的食品和飲料“是第四，同時也是最后一類食品。這類食品都是”工業配方，并且所有或絕大多數的成分都萃取自食品，比如油、脂肪、糖、淀粉和蛋白質。這些物質均萃取自氫化脂肪和變性淀粉并且在實驗室內合成。“

The scientists analyzed 230,156 products and, using the NOVA classification system, found 71% of products such as bread, salad dressings, snack foods, sweets, sugary drinks and more were ultra-processed. Among the top 25 manufacturers by sales volume, 86% of products were classified as ultra-processed.

科學家們使用NOVA分類系統對230,156種食品進行了分析，并發現71%的食品，比如面包、沙拉醬、零食、糖果、含糖飲料等都屬于過度加工食品。在銷售額排名前25的食品生產商中，86%的食品被歸類為過度加工食品。

salad dressings：沙拉醬

"Bread and bakery products" was the only category consistently among the highest third across all four nutrient categories in terms of nutrient levels (calories, saturated fat, total sugars and sodium).

“面包和烘焙食品”是四種營養類別中唯一一類在營養水平方面（卡路里、飽和脂肪、糖和鈉總量）穩步排名在第三高的食品。

Compared to other western countries like Australia, the U.S. food supply is similarly healthy but more processed with higher median sugar and sodium content, the study found.

研究發現，與其他西方國家，比如澳大利亞相比，美國的食品同樣是健康的，但是加工程度更高，糖和鈉和含量也更高。

Dietary guidelines are routinely updated, but no such regular surveillance or reporting on what is available on grocery shelves is available to consumers, researchers or policy makers. Changing the food supply must start with properly assessing it, Baldridge said.

Baldridge表示：“飲食指南會定期更新，但是商店貨架上卻沒有可以提供給消費者、研究人員或政策制定者針對商品的該類定期監督或報告。改變食品供應必須先從合理評估食品開始。”

"Food and beverage products continuously evolve, and reports like these highlight opportunities to make critical changes within specific manufacturers or product categories to reduce saturated fat, salt and sugars," Baldridge said.

Baldridge表示：”食品和飲料處于不斷演變的過程當中，類似于這樣的報告會讓特定的制造商或食品類別發生關鍵改變，以減少飽和脂肪、鹽和糖。“

This evaluation can occur either by manufacturers replacing or reformulating the food and beverage products, Baldridge said.

“這一評估可以通過制造商替換或重新調整食品和飲料的配方而實現。”

"Our team has previously shown that breads, in particular, have 12% higher sodium content in the U.S. in comparison to the U.K., where national sodium-reduction strategies have contributed to lowering sodium levels in packaged foods," Baldridge said.

Baldridge表示：“我們的團隊此前已經證明，美國的食品，特別是面包，其中的含鈉量比英國的面包要高出12%。而全國新的減鈉方案對降低包裝食品的含鈉量做出了貢獻。”

The scientists analyzed data collected by local Chicago company Label Insight, which represents more than 80% of all food and beverage products sold in the U.S. over the past three years.

科學家們對芝加哥當地公司Label Insight所收集的數據進行分析。這些數據代表了美國在過去3年時間內所出售的所有食品和飲料的80%。

Collecting data on the packaged food and beverage supply is difficult because it is so large and about 20% of packaged foods in the U.S. turn over every year, Baldridge said.

收集有關包裝食品和飲料的數據并非易事，這是因為這個一個非常龐大的數據而且美國每年都會有20%的包裝食品消失。

"We need to better capture real-time information of our constantly changing food supply if we're going to track and improve its healthfulness," said study co-author Dr. Mark Huffman, the Quentin D. Young Professor of Health Policy, associate professor of preventive medicine and medicine at Feinberg and a Northwestern Medicine cardiologist.

研究的共同作者，Mark Huffman博士、Quentin D.健康政策青年教授、芬伯格醫學院預防性藥物和藥物助教及西北大學醫學院心臟病專家表示：“如果我們打算跟蹤和改善食品的健康性，我們需要更好地掌握不斷變化的食品供應的實時信息。”。

To that end, the study team, including researchers at The George Institute for Global Health in Australia, last summer launched the U.S. version of FoodSwitch, a free mobile phone app that allows consumers to scan packaged foods to determine their healthfulness. If a product doesn't exist in the app's 268,000-product database, then the app asks the user to crowdsource the information by uploading photos of its barcode, nutritional label and packaging to update the app's ever-growing database of foods.

為了實現這一目的，研究團隊，包括澳大利亞喬治全球健康研究所的研究人員于去年夏天推出一款美國版的FoodSwitch。這是一款免費的手機APP，消費者通過這款APP可以掃描包裝食品，以判斷它們的健康性。如果APP的268,000種產品數據庫內沒有該產品，則app會讓用戶通過上傳商品條形碼照片、營養成分表和外包裝來眾包這一信息并更新app內不斷擴大的食品數據庫。

Crowdsource：眾包

The scientists in this study ranked foods based on their healthfulness number defined by a Health Star Rating system, which scores packaged foods between 0.5 stars (unhealthiest) to 5 stars (healthiest) to provide a quick look at the nutritional profile of packaged foods. They focused specifically on whether products were ultra-processed or not, and compared healthfulness and level of processing product categories and leading manufacturers.

該研究中的科學家們根據由健康星級評定體系所定義的食品健康分數對食品的健康性進行排名。該體系將包裝食品的評分定義在0.5（最不健康）到5分（最健康）之間，以快速提供包裝食品的營養信息。他們會特別關注食品是否屬于過度加工，并食品類別中的健康性和加工程度與領先的制造商進行對比。

文章來源：科學日報   編輯：Susan