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Mysterious release of radioactive material uncovered放射性物質(zhì)神秘泄露“浮出水面”

上海譯銳翻譯      2019-8-2     10:57 a.m.

It was the most serious release of radioactive material since Fukushima 2011, but the public took little notice of it: In September 2017, a slightly radioactive cloud moved across Europe. Now, a study has been published, analyzing more than 1300 measurements from all over Europe and other regions of the world to find out the cause of this incident. The result: it was not a reactor accident, but an accident in a nuclear reprocessing plant. The exact origin of the radioactivity is difficult to determine, but the data suggests a release site in the southern Urals. This is where the Russian nuclear facility Majak is located. The incident never caused any kind of health risks for the European population.

這是自2011年福島核泄漏以來最為嚴(yán)重的一次放射性物質(zhì)泄露。然而，這次泄露卻絲毫未引起公眾的注意。2017年9月，一個微放射性云團(tuán)在歐洲上空移過。現(xiàn)在，這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果已被發(fā)表。在該項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員分析了整個歐洲地區(qū)和世界其他地區(qū)超過1300種測量結(jié)果，以試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)這起事故的原因。研究結(jié)果表明，這并非一起反應(yīng)器事故，相反這是一起核再加工工廠所發(fā)生的事故。測定放射性的準(zhǔn)確來源實(shí)屬不易，但是數(shù)據(jù)表明，泄露地點(diǎn)位于俄羅斯烏拉爾南部。這是俄羅斯核工廠Majak的所在地。這起事故并未對歐洲人民帶來任何健康風(fēng)險。

Fukushima：福島

Radioactive material：放射性物質(zhì)

Among the 70 experts from all over Europe who contributed data and expertise to the current study are Dieter Hainz and Dr. Paul Saey from the Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics at TU Wien (Vienna). The data was evaluated by Prof. Georg Steinhauser from the University of Hanover (who is closely associated with the Atomic Institute) together with Dr. Olivier Masson from the Institut de Radioprotection et de S?reté Nucléaire (IRSN) in France. The team has now published the results of the study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

在來自歐洲各地70位提供數(shù)據(jù)和專業(yè)知識的專家當(dāng)中，Dieter Hainz和Paul Saey博士來自維也納科技大學(xué)（維也納）的原子和亞原子物理研究所。來自漢諾威大學(xué)（與原子研究所有緊密合作關(guān)系）的 Georg Steinhauser教授和來自法國的輻射防護(hù)和核安全研究所（IRSN）的Olivier Masson教授對研究數(shù)據(jù)展開評估。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)現(xiàn)在已將研究結(jié)果發(fā)表于《美國國家科學(xué)院院刊》（PNAS）。

Unusual Ruthenium Release

異常的釕泄露

"We measured radioactive ruthenium-106," says Georg Steinhauser. "The measurements indicate the largest singular release of radioactivity from a civilian reprocessing plant." In autumn of 2017, a cloud of ruthenium-106 was measured in many European countries, with maximum values of 176 millibecquerels per cubic meter of air. The values were up to 100 times higher than the total concentrations measured in Europe after the Fukushima incident. The half-life of the radioactive isotope is 374 days.

Georg Steinhauser表示：“我們對放射性的釕-106進(jìn)行了測量。測量結(jié)果表明，最大的單次輻射性泄露來自于民用再加工廠。2017年秋天，許多歐洲國家都測量出釕-106云團(tuán)，其中每立方米空氣中的最大值為176毫貝可勒爾。這個數(shù)值最高達(dá)到了福島核泄漏以來歐洲所測量的總濃度的100倍。放射性同位素的半衰期為374天。”

Becquerel：貝可勒爾，貝可（放射性活度單位），命名自法國物理學(xué)家貝克勒爾

Half-life：半衰期the time taken for the radioactivity of a substance to fall to half its original value

This type of release is very unusual. The fact that no radioactive substances other than ruthenium were measured is a clear indication that the source must have been a nuclear reprocessing plant.

這種泄露非常少見。除了釕以外未測出其他放射性物質(zhì)。這一情況表明，其肯定來源于核再加工工廠。

The geographic extent of the ruthenium-106 cloud was also remarkable -- it was measured in large parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Ruthenium-106 was even found in the Caribbean. The data was compiled by an informal, international network of almost all European measuring stations. In total, 176 measuring stations from 29 countries were involved. In Austria, in addition to TU Wien, the AGES (Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety) also operates such stations, including the alpine observatory at Sonnblick at 3106m above sea level.

釕-106所涉及的地理范圍也非常驚人-在中東歐的大部分地區(qū)、亞洲以及阿拉伯半島都有測出。釕-106甚至在加勒比海地區(qū)也被發(fā)現(xiàn)。數(shù)據(jù)由一個非正式的、幾乎囊括歐洲所有測量站的國際聯(lián)盟編寫。總共有來自29個國家的176個測量站參與其中。在奧地利，除了維也納科技大學(xué)外，奧地利健康及食品安全局所負(fù)責(zé)的測量站，包括位于海拔3106米的松布利克山高山觀測站也參與了測量。

No Health Hazard

無健康危害

As unusual as the release may have been, the concentration of radioactive material has not reached levels that are harmful to human health anywhere in Europe. From the analysis of the data, a total release of about 250 to 400 terabecquerel of ruthenium-106 can be derived. To date, no state has assumed responsibility for this considerable release in the fall of 2017.

The evaluation of the concentration distribution pattern and atmospheric modelling suggests a release site in the southern Urals. This is where the Russian nuclear facility Majak is located. The Russian reprocessing plant had already been the scene of the second-largest nuclear release in history in September 1957 -- after Chernobyl and even larger than Fukushima. At that time, a tank containing liquid waste from plutonium production had exploded, causing massive contamination of the area.

盡管此次泄露非同尋常，但是歐洲所有地區(qū)的放射線物質(zhì)濃度并未達(dá)到對人體健康有害的程度。根據(jù)對數(shù)據(jù)的分析，所泄露的釕-106總量大約在250-400萬億貝可勒爾。迄今為止，沒有任何國家表明對2017年秋天這一重大泄露事故負(fù)責(zé)。對濃度分布圖和大氣模擬的評估表明，泄露地點(diǎn)位于烏拉爾南部。這是俄羅斯核工廠Majak的位置所在。1957年9月，俄羅斯再加工工廠發(fā)生了歷史上第二大核泄漏事故-僅次于切爾諾貝利，甚至比福島核泄漏的規(guī)模還大。當(dāng)時，一個裝有來自于钚生產(chǎn)廠的液體廢棄物的罐體發(fā)生爆炸，并造成這一地區(qū)大規(guī)模的核污染。

assume responsibility：負(fù)責(zé)，承擔(dān)責(zé)任

Olivier Masson and Georg Steinhauser can date the current release to the time between 25 September 2017, 6 p.m., and 26 September 2017 at noon -- almost exactly 60 years after the 1957 accident. "This time, however, it was a pulsed release that was over very quickly," says Professor Steinhauser. In contrast, the releases from Chernobyl or Fukushima lasted for days. "We were able to show that the accident occurred in the reprocessing of spent fuel elements, at a very advanced stage, shortly before the end of the process chain," says Georg Steinhauser. "Even though there is currently no official statement, we have a very good idea of what might have happened."

Olivier Masson和Georg Steinhauser估計(jì)此次泄露事故的發(fā)生時間在2017年9月25日下午6點(diǎn)到2017年9月26日中午期間-差不多正好是在1957年核事故發(fā)生后的60年后。Steinhauser教授表示：“此次屬于脈沖式泄露，因此很快就結(jié)束了。”相反，切爾諾貝利或福島的核泄漏則持續(xù)了數(shù)日。Georg Steinhauser教授表示：“我們能夠表明，事故發(fā)生在廢燃料元素的再加工階段，屬于非常后期，就在反應(yīng)鏈快要結(jié)束時。即使目前沒有任何官方聲明，我們對于可能發(fā)生的情況已經(jīng)有了非常清晰的了解”。

來源：科學(xué)日報   編輯：Susan