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With over a hundred thousand people waiting for an organ transplant in the US alone, scientists are racing to find options besides human donors. Now for the first time, a pig kidney has been successfully transplanted into a person.

僅在美國，就有數百萬人在等待器官移植，因此科學家們都在競相尋找除人體捐贈者之外的其他選擇方案。日前，一顆豬腎首次成功植入人的體內。

The operation to attach the kidney. (Joe Carrotta/NYU Langone Health)

When we say "successfully", it was only tested for 54 hours in a human patient – a patient who was already brain dead and being kept alive artificially. But as far as the transplant team could see, the kidney was connected and functioning normally during that time.

我們所說的“成功”是指被植入的豬腎目前僅在人體中植入了54個小時-患者已經腦死亡并靠人工方式保持存活。但是，就移植團隊而言，在這段時間內，豬腎已經與被植入者的身體正常連接并發揮作用。

Technically, this is known as xenotransplantation, or the transplanting of tissues or organs from one species to another. If the work pioneered here can be developed, pigs could provide an abundance of organs suitable for use in people who need them. Currently, an average of 17 people die on transplant waiting lists per day in the US.

從技術角度來看，這種移植也被稱為異種移植，或將一個物種的細胞或器官移植到另一個物種體內。如果這項創新的工作能夠被進一步推動，那么豬可以為人類提供大量適合使用的器官。目前，在美國等待器官移植的名單中，平均每天就會17個人死去。

Xenotransplantation：異種移植

"This is a huge breakthrough," Dorry Segev, professor of transplant surgery at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, who was not involved in the research, told the New York Times. "It's a big, big deal."

“這是一項巨大的突破，”Dorry Segev，約翰霍普金斯醫學院移植外科教授表示。Dorry本人并未參與研究。他本人在接受《紐約時報》采訪時表示：“這件事意義重大。”

There are still plenty of hurdles to overcome, including regulatory approval, but using organs from other animals in this way could also help the hundreds of thousands of people who aren't considered at risk enough to get a transplant, but who have to deal with demanding kidney dialysis procedures.

目前還有許多的困難需要克服，包括獲得監管審批。但是，使用其他動物體內的器官可能會幫助致數百萬病情并非十分危重的患者也獲得器官移植，但是他們需要面對要求嚴格的腎透析過程。

Organs from pigs have long been considered as potentially suitable for humans, but pig cells include a sugar called alpha-gal, which triggers an immediate rejection by the human body. In this case, the pig had been genetically engineered to not produce alpha-gal.

豬的器官很久以來就被認為有可能適合人類，但是豬的細胞中包含一種稱為半乳糖甘酵素的糖，這種成分會立刻觸發人體抵抗。在這種情況下，豬需要進行基因改造以使其不會產生半乳糖甘酵素。

alpha-gal：半乳糖甘酵素

While the pig kidney was kept outside of the body of the patient, it was observed to be doing its job during the operation: that is, filtering out waste products from the blood and producing urine.

盡管豬腎還在患者體外，但是在手術過程中，醫生觀察到豬腎會過濾血液中的廢物并產生尿。

"It's even better than I'd hoped," surgeon Robert Montgomery, who led the transplant at NYU Langone Health in New York City, told USA Today.

在紐約市紐約大學Langone健康醫學院負責移植的外科醫生Robert Montgomery告訴《今日美國》：“這甚至比我希望的還要好。”

As yet, there's no peer-reviewed scientific report of the operation, but we can be cautiously optimistic. Experts say trials with pig kidneys on critically ill humans – patients with no real other options left – could happen within two years.

迄今為止，關于手術還沒有同行評審的科學報告，但是我們持謹慎樂觀的態度。專家表示，使用豬腎對病情危重的患者（沒有其他可選辦法的患者）進行試驗可能會在2年內實現。

There are ethical concerns to consider though. While the family of the human patient in this test gave their consent to it, not everyone is comfortable with the idea of breeding animals specifically to harvest their organs.

需要考慮的還有道德擔憂。盡管患者家屬同意試驗，但是并非所有人都能接受飼養動物就是為了使用它們的器官這一想法。

What might make organs from pigs more acceptable than organs from other animals – such as monkeys – is that pigs are already bred for food. They have large litters, short gestation periods, and organs that are similar to the ones we have.

豬的器官比其他動物的器官，比如猴子，更容易被人體接受的原因可能是因為人們在很久以前就開始養豬并將豬作為食物。豬每次的產仔數量大，妊娠期短，器官也和我們的器官更加相似。

We're already using pig skin grafts for burns and pig heart valves in humans, and experiments have already been carried out with pig hearts in baboons, so there is something of a precedent. Expect to hear much more about the potential of using pig organs inside humans in the years to come.

我們已經使用豬皮移植來治療患者燒傷的皮膚并將豬的心臟瓣膜用于人類患者。將豬的心臟用于狒狒的實驗已經開始進行，因此算有一些先例。在未來的數年里，我們期待了解更多關于將豬的器官應用于人體的可能性。

heart valve：心臟瓣膜

"This is an important step forward in realizing the promise of xenotransplantation, which will save thousands of lives each year in the not-too-distant future," Martine Rothblatt, the chief executive of United Therapeutics – the company that genetically engineered the pig – told The Guardian.

Martine Rothblatt，聯合治療（一家對豬進行基因改造的公司）首席執行官告訴《衛報》，“這次的嘗試朝異種移植的實現又邁進一步。在不遠的將來，這種移植方法每年將拯救數千萬人的生命。”

來源：Science Alert   編輯&翻譯：上海譯銳翻譯