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Despite its distinctly modern imagery — kids in cute vampire costumes, pugs in cute vampire costumes, pumpkins carved to look like pugs — Halloween and many of the traditions surrounding it can be traced back at least two millennia, to the Celtic festival of Samhain. 盡管萬圣節具有獨特的現代特色-比如身穿可愛的吸血鬼服裝的孩子們和哈巴狗，還有雕刻成哈巴狗樣式的南瓜，但是萬圣節以及圍繞萬圣節的許多傳統都可以追溯至至少兩千年前，也就是凱爾特人的薩溫節。 Pug：哈巴狗 Millennium：一千年 Samhain：薩溫節 Clearly, much has changed since then; across ancient Britain and Ireland, Oct. 31 was more than an excuse for fun and frivolity. “To examine the history of Halloween,” writes the historian Nicholas Rogers, “is to recognize that it is not a holiday that has been celebrated the same way over the centuries, nor one whose meaning is fixed.” For the Celts it was a shift of season that marked the border between summer and winter, between life and death, and between our earthly realm and the underworld. 很明顯，從那時起，這個節日發生了極大的改變；從古代的不列顛到愛爾蘭，10月31日不僅僅是娛樂和狂歡的借口。歷史學家Nicholas Rogers寫道：“要想了解萬圣節的歷史，我們就要知道，在數個世紀以來，萬圣節的慶祝方法并非一成不變，而萬圣節的含義也并非一成不變。”對于凱爾特人而言，萬圣節代表著季節交替，它就是夏季和冬季、生與死以及塵世間和死后世界之間的分界線。 Samhain (pronounced SAH-win) came after harvest time but before the cold, desolate months. Rogers describes it as a period of “supernatural intensity heralding the onset of winter.” In that window, on the cusp of enclosing darkness, the Celts believed that the veil separating the human and spirit worlds lifted. 薩溫節在秋收之后，寒冬來臨之前舉行。Rogers將這一時期稱為“預示著冬天將至的超靈異節。”在這個冬季，在黑暗到達的頂點，凱爾特人認為分隔塵世和死后世界的屏障將會拉開。 Banshees, elves and other ghoulish creatures were thought to emerge from the sídh, a network of mystical mounds, to roam the countryside. Ghosts were thought to temporarily walk the land of the living on their journey to the afterlife. Unperturbed, villagers lit giant bonfires to ward off these spirits, donned animal skins and masks to evade their notice, and left food out to appease them. Celtic priests, called Druids, also believed the liminal status of Samhain helped them to prophesy about the future. 人們認為報喪女妖、精靈以及其他鬼魂會從縱橫交錯的土丘中出來并在鄉野間游蕩。人們認為鬼魂在前往死后世界的路上會暫時在活人行走的路上行走。鎮定的村民們燃起巨大的篝火來避開這些鬼魂。他們還會披掛上動物皮并戴上面具以避免引起鬼魂的注意并給他們留一些食物以安撫他們。凱爾特的牧師，被稱為德魯伊特也認為薩溫節的分界狀態可以幫助他們預測未來。 Banshee：報喪女妖（愛爾蘭傳說中以哀嚎預報死訊的女妖） Mound：土丘、小丘、土墩 Unperturbed：鎮定的 Don：披上、戴上、穿上 Liminal：界限 Overall, Rogers writes, “it represented a time out of time, a brief interval when the normal order of the universe is suspended.” 總體而言，Rogers寫道：“它代表著逝去的時光，一個宇宙正常秩序暫停的短暫時期。” Reshaped by the Church 被教堂重塑 Ironically, though many modern Christians have denounced Halloween as satanic, its very name is derived from a Catholic holiday. 諷刺的是，盡管許多現代的基督徒譴責萬圣節并認為它是邪惡的，但是萬圣節這個名字卻恰恰來自于天主教的節日。 Satanic：邪惡的，崇拜撒旦的 On May 13 of 609 C.E., Pope Boniface IV began an anniversary that would come to be known as All Saints’ Day — a time to honor saints and martyrs — when he dedicated the Pantheon in Rome as a church. Later, in the mid-eighth century, Pope Gregory III changed the date (perhaps strategically) to coincide with Samhain. Many scholars believe that as the church spread across Europe, it systematically supplanted local celebrations in an effort to assimilate the pagans under its dominion. 在公元609年5月13日，當教皇博尼法斯四世將羅馬的萬神廟敬獻為教堂時，他創造了一個紀念日，這個紀念日也被稱為 “諸圣日”-一個尊崇圣徒和殉教者的日子。隨后，在8世紀中期，教皇格列高列三世更改了這一日期（也許是戰略性的）并使其與薩溫節重合。許多學者認為，隨著教堂在歐洲遍地開花，它系統性地取代了當地的慶典活動并試圖將異教徒歸化。 Martyrs：殉教者 Pantheon：萬神廟 assimilate ：吸收、歸化。 Thus, Nov. 1 was dedicated to all saints, or “hallows,” an archaic term for holy personages. The night preceding it, Oct. 31, came to be known as All Hallows’ Eve, a name shortened eventually to Halloween. A few centuries later, Nov. 2 was dubbed All Souls’ Day, an opportunity to remember the dead; this evolution meshed well with the Celts’ longstanding practices at that time of year. 如今，11月1日被敬獻給所有的圣徒，或“hallows”，圣人的古語。11月1日的前一夜，即10月31日，也被稱為“萬圣節前夕”，并隨后縮短成“萬圣節”。幾個世紀后，11月2日被命名為“追思節”，一個紀念死者的節日；這一節日的發展最終與凱爾特人源遠流長的古老習俗完美融合。 Still, the festival clung to many of its old ideas throughout this religious blending and Samhain’s influence never fully vanished from the newly Christian holiday. Throughout the Middle Ages, the fire ceremonies and masquerades remained, although entirely new rituals arose as well. 時至今日，這個節日在宗教的融合中仍然保留了許多傳統的思想，而薩溫節的影響也始終縈繞在這個新的基督教節日當中。在整個中世紀，火祭和化裝舞會始終存在，盡管一個全新的儀式也已經開始出現。 Trick-or-treating, for example, has roots in the medieval practice of “souling.” Poor supplicants went door to door, offering to pray for souls in purgatory in exchange for food (typically “soul cakes”). They often carried hollowed-out turnips with candles inside, the forebears of jack-o-lanterns. 比如，不給糖就搗蛋，可以追溯至中世紀的“索靈”傳統。窮困的祈求者挨家挨戶主動為在煉獄中受難的靈魂祈禱以換取食物（一般叫做“靈魂餅”）。他們通常帶著中間被挖空的胡蘿卜并在里面放上蠟燭，而這就是南瓜燈的前身。 Supplicant：祈求者、 Purgatory：煉獄 Forebear：祖宗 In later years, especially in Ireland and Scotland, the occasion drew hordes of mischievous revelers to the streets. There they played pranks, particularly on unlucky and detested neighbors. “Mimicking the malignant spirits who were widely believed to be abroad,” Rogers writes, “gangs of youths blocked up chimneys, rampaged cabbage patches, battered doors, unhinged gates, and unstabled horses.” 幾年之后，特別是在愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭，這個節日吸引了大批頑皮搗蛋的狂歡者們來到大街上。在那里，他們通過惡作劇來捉弄那些倒霉和令人討厭的鄰居們。Rogers寫道：“大批的年輕人模仿被認為在外面游蕩的、滿懷惡意的鬼魂。他們堵住煙囪，在圓白菜地里橫沖直撞，使勁拍門，取下大門上的鉸鏈并把馬匹從馬廄中放出來。” Mischievous：頑皮搗蛋 Reveler：狂歡者 Halloween, Then and Now 萬圣節，過去與現在 In some places, a synthesis of these Catholic, pagan and secular Halloween rites thrived into the modern era. Then, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as millions of Irish immigrants made their way to America, Halloween’s popularity soared in the West as well. 在某些地方，天主教、異教徒以及世俗萬圣節的各種儀式相互混雜在一起并成為現代的主流。隨后，在19世紀末期和20世紀初期，隨著數以百萬計愛爾蘭移民前往美洲大陸，萬圣節也開始在西方流行起來。 Rite：儀式 Not everyone approved of the import, however. Many Puritans considered it “an unnecessary concession to the Antichrist,” Rogers writes. Others simply abhorred the rowdiness, vandalism and occasional violence it inspired. Authorities attempted to tamp down the merrymaking, resulting in the tamer method of trick-or-treating we see today. 并非所有人都對舶來品持支持的態度。許多清教徒認為萬圣節是對“反對基督者不必要的退讓，”Rogers寫道。其他人只是反感萬圣節所帶來的喧鬧、惡意破壞以及偶爾的暴力。面對當權機構的打壓，這個習俗慢慢演化成一種更加溫和的，正如我們今天所見的“不給糖就搗蛋”的風格。 Antichrist：反對基督者 Abhor：討厭 At that point, Halloween was ripe for commercialization, with candy, costumes and decorations presenting major business opportunities. Oct. 31 — at various times a harvest festival, a requiem for the faithfully departed or a night of mischief — transformed into a full-fledged consumer holiday. This year, Americans are expected to spend a record $10 billion on their spooky paraphernalia and tasty treats. 也就是在那個時候，萬圣節已經開始商業化，而糖果、服裝和裝飾也創造了巨大的商機。10月31日，曾經的豐收節，對忠實離去的人的追思或搗蛋之夜已經演變成一個十足的商業節日。今年，美國人預計將花費創紀錄的100億美元以購置怪異的裝備和美味的小食。 Requiem：追思彌撒 paraphernalia ：裝備 Yet Halloween still bears the vestiges of its earlier forms, even the 2,000-year-old Samhain festival. When we celebrate this constantly reinvented tradition, we pay homage (knowingly or not) to the beliefs and worldviews of the long-gone groups that molded it. It’s easy to imagine that, as the veil between our world and theirs lifts at the close of the month, they might peer across and recognize something of themselves in us. 盡管如此，萬圣節仍然還保留著早些時候的痕跡，甚至是已有2000年歷史的薩溫節。當我們慶祝這一節日時，我們向塑造這一節日的、早已逝去的群體的信仰和世界觀致敬（無論是有意還是無意）。我們很容易想象，在這個月末，當把我們的世界和前人世界隔開的幕布慢慢升起，他們也許也會看著我們并發現他們的一些傳統已經融入到我們的生活里。 Vestige：痕跡 pay homage to: 致敬 Source：Discover 翻譯&編輯：譯銳翻譯Susan